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[PATCH v2] dma-buf: set SB_I_NOEXEC and SB_I_NODEV on the pseudo filesystem

by John Hubbard

The dma-buf pseudo filesystem dispenses S_ANON_INODE inodes via alloc_anon_inode() but never sets SB_I_NOEXEC on its superblock. Since commit 1e7ab6f67824 ("anon_inode: rework assertions") in 6.17, path_noexec() warns on exactly that combination, so an mmap() on any dma-buf fd trips the warning: WARNING: CPU: 11 PID: 121813 at fs/exec.c:118 path_noexec+0x47/0x50 do_mmap+0x2b5/0x680 vm_mmap_pgoff+0x129/0x210 ksys_mmap_pgoff+0x177/0x240 __x64_sys_mmap+0x33/0x70 dma-bufs have no business being executable, which is the invariant that the new assertion is enforcing. Set SB_I_NOEXEC. Also set SB_I_NODEV, since the pseudo filesystem creates no device nodes. Reproducer on a CONFIG_DEBUG_VFS=y kernel: make -C tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps sudo ./tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap -t system The selftest allocates from /dev/dma_heap/system and mmaps the returned fd, which trips the warning without this patch. Fixes: 1e7ab6f67824 ("anon_inode: rework assertions") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner (Amutable) <brauner(a)kernel.org> Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard(a)nvidia.com> --- Changes since v1: * Also set SB_I_NODEV (suggested by Christian Brauner). * Added Christian Brauner's Reviewed-by tag (thanks!) drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c index 71f37544a5c6..ea1ddd4293b2 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c @@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ static int dma_buf_fs_init_context(struct fs_context *fc) if (!ctx) return -ENOMEM; ctx->dops = &dma_buf_dentry_ops; + fc->s_iflags |= SB_I_NOEXEC; + fc->s_iflags |= SB_I_NODEV; return 0; } base-commit: 6779b50faa562e6cca1aa6a4649a4d764c6c7e28 -- 2.54.0

2 weeks, 2 days

Wordle Unlimited Game Guide for Endless Word Puzzle Fun

by thoughtless.stork.wxrl＠hidingmail.net

Introduction to Wordle Unlimited Experience Wordle Unlimited is an online word puzzle game that expands the classic word guessing concept into an endless format. Instead of waiting for a daily puzzle, players can enjoy continuous gameplay with unlimited attempts and unlimited rounds. This format makes it appealing for players who enjoy vocabulary challenges, logic thinking, and casual gaming without time restrictions. https://wordleunlimitedgame.org/ The main objective remains simple. Players try to guess a hidden five letter word within a limited number of attempts. After each guess, feedback is provided through color indicators that help narrow down the correct answer. This simple design combined with endless replay value makes Wordle Unlimited highly engaging for both beginners and experienced puzzle players. How Wordle Unlimited Gameplay Works Wordle Unlimited follows a straightforward set of rules that are easy to understand. Each round begins with a hidden word that players must discover. Players enter a five letter word as a guess, and the system responds with color coded hints. Green indicates a correct letter in the correct position. Yellow indicates a correct letter in the wrong position. Gray indicates a letter that is not part of the hidden word. These feedback signals guide players toward the correct answer step by step. Unlike traditional daily word puzzles, Wordle Unlimited allows continuous play without waiting periods. Players can restart instantly after finishing a round, making it suitable for practice, entertainment, or improving vocabulary skills. This unlimited structure also allows experimentation with different guessing strategies. Key Features of Wordle Unlimited One of the most important features of Wordle Unlimited is unlimited gameplay. Players are not restricted to a single puzzle per day, which increases engagement and learning opportunities. This feature is especially useful for users who enjoy repetitive practice or competitive improvement. Another key feature is accessibility. The game runs directly in a web browser, meaning no installation is required. It works on desktop computers, tablets, and mobile devices, making it convenient for users in different environments. Wordle Unlimited also maintains a simple interface. There are no complicated menus or distractions. The focus remains entirely on word solving. This minimal design helps players concentrate and improves the overall puzzle solving experience. Additionally, the game supports learning and vocabulary development. Players are exposed to different word patterns and letter combinations, which can help improve language skills over time. Effective Strategies for Winning Wordle Unlimited A strong strategy in Wordle Unlimited begins with choosing a good starting word. Many players select words that contain common vowels and frequently used consonants. This approach increases the chance of identifying correct letters early in the game. Another effective strategy is to avoid repeating incorrect letters. Once a letter is marked as gray, it is usually best to exclude it from future guesses. This helps narrow down possibilities more efficiently. Players also benefit from analyzing letter placement carefully. When a letter is marked yellow, it should be repositioned in the next guess. This process of elimination is essential for solving puzzles in fewer attempts. It is also helpful to think in word patterns rather than random guesses. English words often follow predictable structures, and recognizing these patterns can significantly improve success rates. Finally, patience plays an important role. Rushing guesses can lead to repeated mistakes. Taking time to evaluate feedback from each attempt leads to more accurate solutions. Benefits of Playing Wordle Unlimited Regularly Playing Wordle Unlimited regularly offers several cognitive benefits. One major advantage is vocabulary improvement. Players are exposed to a wide range of words, which helps expand language knowledge over time. Another benefit is mental exercise. Word puzzle games stimulate logical thinking, pattern recognition, and memory recall. These skills are useful in both academic and professional contexts. Wordle Unlimited also provides stress relief for many players. The simple structure and short gameplay sessions make it a relaxing activity that can be enjoyed during breaks or free time. In addition, the unlimited nature of the game allows continuous practice. This is especially beneficial for players who want to improve performance or challenge themselves with faster solving times. Social interaction is another indirect benefit. Many players enjoy sharing results or competing with friends, which adds a fun and competitive element to the experience. Why Wordle Unlimited Remains Popular The popularity of Wordle Unlimited comes from its balance of simplicity and challenge. It does not require advanced gaming skills, yet it still offers a satisfying mental challenge. This combination makes it accessible to a wide audience. The unlimited format also contributes to its popularity. Players are no longer restricted by daily limits, which means they can engage with the game whenever they want. This flexibility aligns well with modern digital habits. Another reason for its popularity is its quick gameplay loop. Each round can be completed in a short time, making it ideal for casual entertainment. Despite its simplicity, the game continues to offer new challenges with every hidden word. Conclusion on Wordle Unlimited Experience Wordle Unlimited delivers a simple yet highly engaging word puzzle experience that appeals to players of all ages. With unlimited gameplay, easy rules, and strong cognitive benefits, it stands out as an effective and enjoyable word game.

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH v2] dma-buf: Fix silent overflow for phys vec to sgt

by David Hu

In case MMIO size is bigger than 4G and peer2peer DMA goes through host bridge, we trigger a code path that assigns the total linked IOVA (which is greater than 4G) to mapped_len. Previously, `mapped_len` was declared as 32-bit `unsigned int`. When accumulating `size_t` lengths, this leads to a silent wrap-around. This truncation causes truncated lengths to be passed to functions like `fill_sg_entry()`. Fix this by changing `mapped_len` to `size_t` (64-bit). While at it, fix similar potential overflow issues in `calc_sg_nents` by using `size_t` for `nents` and checking against `UINT_MAX` and using `unsigned int` for the loop iterator in `fill_sg_entry` to match. to mapped_len, and leading to a silent overflow Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Cc: iommu(a)lists.linux.dev Reviewed-by: Pranjal Shrivastava <praan(a)google.com> Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu(a)google.com> --- Changes in v2: Fixed 'IVOA' -> 'IOVA' typo and expanded commit message (Claude Bot). Added Reverse Xmas tree formatting (Pranjal). Folded in extra bounds checking for calc_sg_nents() (Pranjal). Folded in type consistency fix for fill_sg_entry() (Pranjal). Droped unnecessary `nents = 0` initialization (Claude Bot). drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 10 +++++++--- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c index 794acff2546a..5bc769fc42ea 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length, dma_addr_t addr) { unsigned int len, nents; - int i; + unsigned int i; nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX); for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) { @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state, struct phys_vec *phys_vec, size_t nr_ranges, size_t size) { - unsigned int nents = 0; + size_t nents = 0; size_t i; if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) { @@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state, nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX); } + if (nents > UINT_MAX) + return 0; + return nents; } @@ -95,9 +98,10 @@ struct sg_table *dma_buf_phys_vec_to_sgt(struct dma_buf_attachment *attach, size_t nr_ranges, size_t size, enum dma_data_direction dir) { - unsigned int nents, mapped_len = 0; struct dma_buf_dma *dma; struct scatterlist *sgl; + size_t mapped_len = 0; + unsigned int nents; dma_addr_t addr; size_t i; int ret; -- 2.54.0.794.g4f17f83d09-goog

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH] dma-buf: Fix silent overflow for phys vec to sgt

by David Hu

In case MMIO size is bigger than 4G, and peer2peer dma goes through host bridge, we trigger the code path to assign total linked IVOA, greater than 4G to mapped_len, and leading to a silent overflow Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine") Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu(a)google.com> --- drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c index 794acff2546a..658064140357 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c @@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ struct sg_table *dma_buf_phys_vec_to_sgt(struct dma_buf_attachment *attach, size_t nr_ranges, size_t size, enum dma_data_direction dir) { - unsigned int nents, mapped_len = 0; + unsigned int nents = 0; + size_t mapped_len = 0; struct dma_buf_dma *dma; struct scatterlist *sgl; dma_addr_t addr; -- 2.54.0.563.g4f69b47b94-goog

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH v14 0/6] rust: drm: gem: shmem: Add sg_table() function

by Lyude Paul

(was previously Rust bindings for gem shmem) Most of this patch series has already been pushed upstream, this is just the second half of the patch series that has not been pushed yet + some additional changes which were required to implement changes requested by the mailing list. This patch series is originally from Asahi, previously posted by Daniel Almeida. The previous version of the patch series can be found here: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/series/164580/ Branch with patches applied available here: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/lyudess/linux/-/commits/rust/gem-shmem This patch series applies on top of drm-rust-next with the following dependencies applied: https://lkml.org/lkml/2026/5/26/1960 Lyude Paul (6): rust: faux: Allow retrieving a bound Device rust: gem: shmem: Fix Default implementation for ObjectConfig rust: drm: gem: s/device::Device/Device/ for shmem.rs drm/gem/shmem: Introduce __drm_gem_shmem_free_sgt_locked() rust: drm: gem/shmem: Add DmaResvGuard helper rust: drm: gem: Introduce shmem::Object::sg_table() drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem_shmem_helper.c | 32 ++- include/drm/drm_gem_shmem_helper.h | 1 + rust/kernel/drm/gem/shmem.rs | 264 +++++++++++++++++++++++-- rust/kernel/faux.rs | 7 +- 4 files changed, 279 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) base-commit: 2cf1840b0fa7637b6731fd554529f8d57ea34c04 prerequisite-patch-id: c8ade07eec6e9c9e875800b114137c459d362e4e prerequisite-patch-id: dc4f750bc885b867842587b994261f43602bc6a8 -- 2.54.0

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH] dma-buf: Move dma_resv_assert_held() after input validation

by lirongqing

From: Li RongQing <lirongqing(a)baidu.com> Move dma_resv_assert_held() after the validation of 'attach' and 'attach->dmabuf' to avoid a potential null pointer dereference if the function is ever called with invalid arguments. Signed-off-by: Li RongQing <lirongqing(a)baidu.com> --- drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c index 794acff..e6ecd6c 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c @@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ struct sg_table *dma_buf_phys_vec_to_sgt(struct dma_buf_attachment *attach, size_t i; int ret; - dma_resv_assert_held(attach->dmabuf->resv); - if (WARN_ON(!attach || !attach->dmabuf || !provider)) /* This function is supposed to work on MMIO memory only */ return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL); + dma_resv_assert_held(attach->dmabuf->resv); + dma = kzalloc_obj(*dma); if (!dma) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); -- 2.9.4

2 weeks, 2 days

Basketball Stars: Rule the Court and Become the MVP

by joeytribuani0＠gmail.com

Basketball Stars is the perfect game for anyone who loves fast-paced street basketball action! From smooth dribble moves and ankle-breaking crossovers to clutch shots and powerful dunks, every match feels intense and competitive. The game’s easy controls make it simple to start playing, but mastering the timing, defense, and shooting mechanics takes real skill. Whether you’re playing quick one-on-one matches or climbing the ranked leaderboard, Basketball Stars keeps every game exciting. One of the best parts is the character customization. You can unlock new outfits, courts, basketballs, and upgrades to create your own unique style on the court. Playing against real opponents online also adds a fun challenge because every player has a different strategy. If you enjoy basketball games with arcade-style gameplay and nonstop action, Basketball Stars is definitely worth checking out. Step onto the court and show everyone who the real MVP is! WEB: https://basketballstars2026.io

2 weeks, 2 days

Geometry Dash Lite – A Challenging Rhythm Game That Keeps Players Hooked

by christabbati＠gmail.com

Mobile games come and go, but some titles remain popular for years because of their addictive gameplay and unique style. One of those games is Geometry Dash Lite, the free version of the famous rhythm-based platformer developed by RobTop Games. Even with its simple controls and minimalist design, the game continues to attract millions of players worldwide. Easy to Play, Difficult to Master The gameplay of Geometry Dash Lite is very straightforward. Players control a geometric icon that automatically moves forward through obstacle-filled levels. The main objective is to jump at the correct time to avoid spikes, traps, and dangerous platforms. The controls only require a single tap or click, making the game easy for anyone to pick up. However, the real challenge comes from mastering timing and memorizing level patterns. One small mistake sends you back to the beginning, which can be frustrating but also highly motivating. Rhythm and Music Create the Experience What truly makes Geometry Dash Lite stand out is its connection between gameplay and music. Every level is synchronized with energetic electronic soundtracks that guide the player through obstacles and jumps. The rhythm helps create a fast-paced and immersive experience that feels both exciting and satisfying. As the music intensifies, so does the gameplay. Players must stay focused and react quickly to survive increasingly difficult sections. Colorful Graphics and Creative Design Although the game uses simple geometric visuals, the design is stylish and memorable. Bright neon colors, smooth animations, and creative level layouts give each stage its own personality. Different gameplay mechanics are introduced as players progress, keeping the experience fresh and challenging. Why Players Keep Coming Back One of the biggest strengths of Geometry Dash Lite is the sense of achievement it provides. Completing a difficult level after dozens of failed attempts feels incredibly rewarding. This balance between frustration and satisfaction is what makes the game so addictive. The game is also perfect for short gaming sessions, allowing players to quickly retry levels and improve their skills over time. Final Thoughts Geometry Dash Lite proves that a game does not need complicated mechanics or realistic graphics to become successful. Its combination of rhythm-based gameplay, challenging obstacles, and energetic music creates an experience that is simple, fun, and highly addictive. Whether you are a beginner looking for a fun mobile game or a competitive player seeking a difficult challenge, Geometry Dash Lite offers an exciting adventure that is hard to put down. SITE: https://geometrylite22.io

2 weeks, 3 days

Navigating the Unpredictable: A Dive into Level Devil

by profound.cheetah.kect＠hidingmail.net

If you’re looking for a fun way to spend an evening, trying an interesting game is a great option—especially one that makes you think, explore, or improve your skills without feeling overwhelming. One example that many players enjoy is Level Devil. Even if you’ve never played before, you can approach it like a puzzle: learn the rules, watch what works, and gradually build confidence as levels start to feel more predictable. https://leveldevilfull.com In this article, I’ll walk you through how to experience a game like Level Devil in a friendly, practical way—focusing on what to do first, how to play, and what habits can make the experience smoother. Gameplay When you start Level Devil, your first goal is simply to understand how the game responds to you. Pay attention to the basics: movement controls, timing, and what happens when you try different approaches. Many players get stuck by rushing. Instead, try a short “experiment run” where your only objective is to learn mechanics—no pressure to win quickly. As you progress, the game tends to reward pattern recognition. Levels may ask you to manage obstacles, plan routes, or react under time constraints. A helpful mindset is to think in small steps: What’s the next safe action? What’s the easiest section to master first? If a section feels difficult, pause and observe. Look for consistent cues—visual hints, recurring enemy behavior, or environmental timing. Often, you don’t need a “perfect” run; you need a reliable one. For another way to explore the experience, some players prefer to review the broader game details here: Level Devil. Tips Start with calm attempts. If you’re on your first run, prioritize learning over scoring. Try not to restart too many times in anger—give yourself time to understand the rhythm of a level. Use “fail data.” Each time you die, ask a simple question: Did I misread timing, misjudge distance, or panic too early? That answer helps you choose a better strategy next attempt. Practice the hardest segment, not the whole level. If the game allows repetition, focus on the portion that blocks you. Clearing smaller checkpoints builds momentum. Keep your controls consistent. Sudden changes in how you press buttons or time actions can make you worse temporarily. Once you find a comfortable method, stick with it for a few attempts. Take breaks when you’re frustrated. A five-minute pause can reset your focus. When you return, you’ll often spot a solution you missed before. Conclusion Playing a game like Level Devil is less about having “elite” reflexes and more about learning the game’s patterns and improving step by step. Start by experimenting, approach challenges with curiosity, and use your failures as feedback. With a calm routine—short sessions, focused practice, and mindful breaks—you can enjoy the puzzle-like satisfaction that makes many levels rewarding.

2 weeks, 4 days

[PATCH v3 00/10] Add dmabuf read/write via io_uring

by Pavel Begunkov

The patch set allows to register a dmabuf to an io_uring instance for a specified file and use it with io_uring read / write requests. The infrastructure is not tied to io_uring and there could be more users in the future. A similar idea was attempted some years ago by Keith [1], from where I borrowed a good number of changes, and later was brough up by Tushar and Vishal from Intel. It's an opt-in feature for files, and they need to implement a new file operation to use it. Only NVMe block devices are supported in this series. The user API is built on top of io_uring's "registered buffers", where a dmabuf is registered in a special way, but after it can be used as any other "registered buffer" with IORING_OP_{READ,WRITE}_FIXED requests. It's created via a new file operation and the resulted map is then passed through the I/O stack in a new iterator type. There is some additional infrastructure to bind it all, which also counts requests using a dmabuf map and managing lifetimes, which is used to implement map invalidation. It was tested for GPU <-> NVMe transfers. Also, as it maintains a long-term dma mapping, it helps with the IOMMU cost. The numbers below are for udmabuf reads previously run by Anuj for different IOMMU modes: - STRICT: before = 570 KIOPS, after = 5.01 MIOPS - LAZY: before = 1.93 MIOPS, after = 5.01 MIOPS - PASSTHROUGH: before = 5.01 MIOPS, after = 5.01 MIOPS There are some liburing tests that can serve as an example: git: https://github.com/isilence/liburing.git rw-dmabuf-tests-v3 url: https://github.com/isilence/liburing/tree/rw-dmabuf-tests-v3 [1] https://lore.kernel.org/io-uring/20220805162444.3985535-1-kbusch@fb.com/ v3: - Rework io_uring registration - Move token/map infrastructure code out of blk-mq - Simplify callbacks: remove a separate blk-mq table, which was mostly just forwarding calls (to nvme). - Don't skip dma sync depending on request direction - Fix a couple of hangs - Rename s/dma/dmabuf/ - Other small changes v2: - Don't pass raw dma addresses, wrap it into a driver specific object - Split into two objects: token and map - Implement move_notify Pavel Begunkov (10): file: add callback for creating long-term dmabuf maps iov_iter: add iterator type for dmabuf maps block: move bvec init into __bio_clone block: introduce dma map backed bio type lib: add dmabuf token infrastructure block: forward create_dmabuf_token to drivers nvme-pci: implement dma_token backed requests io_uring/rsrc: introduce buf registration structure io_uring/rsrc: extend buffer update io_uring/rsrc: add dmabuf backed registered buffers block/bio.c | 28 +++- block/blk-merge.c | 14 ++ block/blk.h | 3 +- block/fops.c | 16 ++ drivers/nvme/host/pci.c | 282 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ include/linux/bio.h | 19 ++- include/linux/blk-mq.h | 9 + include/linux/blk_types.h | 8 +- include/linux/fs.h | 2 + include/linux/io_dmabuf_token.h | 92 +++++++++++ include/linux/io_uring_types.h | 5 + include/linux/uio.h | 11 ++ include/uapi/linux/io_uring.h | 31 +++- io_uring/io_uring.c | 3 +- io_uring/rsrc.c | 266 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----- io_uring/rsrc.h | 30 +++- io_uring/rw.c | 4 +- lib/Kconfig | 4 + lib/Makefile | 2 + lib/io_dmabuf_token.c | 272 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ lib/iov_iter.c | 29 +++- 21 files changed, 1071 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) create mode 100644 include/linux/io_dmabuf_token.h create mode 100644 lib/io_dmabuf_token.c -- 2.53.0

2 weeks, 4 days

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