On Mon, Aug 10, 2026 at 04:10:48PM +0100, Will Deacon wrote:

On Mon, Aug 10, 2026 at 03:44:42PM +0100, Leo Yan wrote:

...

Commit 18049c8cff9c ("perf/aux: Allocate non-contiguous AUX pages by default") made the AUX allocator use order-0 pages by default unless a PMU explicitly asks for contiguous allocations.

But that commit specifically calls out SPE as benefitting from non-contiguous pages:

"For instance, ARM SPE and TRBE operate with virtual pages, and Coresight ETR allocates a separate buffer. For these PMUs, allocating contiguous AUX pages unnecessarily exacerbates memory fragmentation. This fragmentation can prevent their use on long-running devices."

so why doesn't passing PERF_PMU_CAP_AUX_PREFER_LARGE reintroduce the problems that 18049c8cff9c was trying to solve?

The question is how "allocating contiguous AUX pages unnecessarily exacerbates memory fragmentation." The relevant information I could find is [1]:

"On Android, we collect ETM data periodically on internal user devices for AutoFDO optimization (for both userspace libraries and the kernel). Allocating a large chunk of contiguous AUX pages (4M for each CPU) periodically is almost unbearable. The kernel may need to kill many processes to fulfill the request. It affects user experience even after using PMU."

We might have missed chance to clarify how the fragmentation issue occurs in the first place. Let's say, a phone with 8 CPUs, allocating 4MB per CPU requires 32MB in total, which is a relatively small portion of 4GiB or 8GiB of RAM commonly found in phones. Moreover, once contiguous pages are freed, the buddy allocator can coalesce them again into buddy list. It is not obvious to me that PREFER_LARGE directly causes fragmentation.

One case where AUX allocation could exacerbate fragmentation is when the system is already fragmented. If a high-order allocation fails and the allocator falls back to smaller-order blocks, those allocations may consume free blocks scattered across different buddy regions and make subsequent high-order allocations more difficult.

If this is the main concern, I'd suggest using a smaller AUX buffer (e.g. 1MB or even 512KB) for TRBE/SPE to reduce memory pressure. Snapshot mode '-S' could also be considered, as it allows the buffer to be allocated once and reused for subsequent recordings by signals.

OTOH, using only order-0 pages can significantly increase TTW overhead on the trace path and lead to overflows, we observe this causes huge trace discontinuity. In the end, we need to trace-off the fragmentation concern against the trace discontinuity.

Thanks, Leo

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CALJ9ZPNLgEBxOmDim-vztUknEETwdL-Z2gJ8K9s44TiPgK...