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BUS105 Exam Format Explained: What You Need to Know Before You Register

by Jerry

Understanding the BUS105 exam format before you register is crucial for building an effective study strategy and avoiding surprises on test day. The BUS105 exam evaluates your knowledge of business fundamentals, including management principles, marketing concepts, financial literacy, and organizational behavior. The test typically consists of multiple-choice questions designed to measure both theoretical understanding and practical application of business concepts. To prepare efficiently, familiarize yourself with the structure and types of questions you’ll face. Practicing with BUS105 Practice Questions from study4exam can give you a clear idea of what to expect. These resources replicate real exam conditions, allowing you to improve time management and accuracy while identifying areas that need more attention. More info visit this website: https://www.study4exam.com/saylor/free-bus105-questions Understanding the marking scheme, question difficulty, and key focus areas in advance ensures you go into the exam well-prepared and confident. With the right preparation strategy and quality practice materials, you can successfully master the BUS105 exam and take a significant step toward your academic or professional goals.

1 month, 1 week

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[Patch v3 1/2] mm/huge_memory: add pmd folio to ds_queue in do_huge_zero_wp_pmd()

by Wei Yang

We add pmd folio into ds_queue on the first page fault in __do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(), so that we can split it in case of memory pressure. This should be the same for a pmd folio during wp page fault. Commit 1ced09e0331f ("mm: allocate THP on hugezeropage wp-fault") miss to add it to ds_queue, which means system may not reclaim enough memory in case of memory pressure even the pmd folio is under used. Move deferred_split_folio() into map_anon_folio_pmd() to make the pmd folio installation consistent. Fixes: 1ced09e0331f ("mm: allocate THP on hugezeropage wp-fault") Signed-off-by: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang(a)gmail.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david(a)redhat.com> Cc: Lance Yang <lance.yang(a)linux.dev> Cc: Dev Jain <dev.jain(a)arm.com> Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david(a)redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Lance Yang <lance.yang(a)linux.dev> Reviewed-by: Dev Jain <dev.jain(a)arm.com> Acked-by: Usama Arif <usamaarif642(a)gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Zi Yan <ziy(a)nvidia.com> Cc: <stable(a)vger.kernel.org> --- v3: * rebase on latest mm-new * gather rb and acked-by v2: * add fix, cc stable and put description about the flow of current code * move deferred_split_folio() into map_anon_folio_pmd() --- mm/huge_memory.c | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c index 002922bb6e42..e86699306c5e 100644 --- a/mm/huge_memory.c +++ b/mm/huge_memory.c @@ -1317,6 +1317,7 @@ static void map_anon_folio_pmd(struct folio *folio, pmd_t *pmd, count_vm_event(THP_FAULT_ALLOC); count_mthp_stat(HPAGE_PMD_ORDER, MTHP_STAT_ANON_FAULT_ALLOC); count_memcg_event_mm(vma->vm_mm, THP_FAULT_ALLOC); + deferred_split_folio(folio, false); } static vm_fault_t __do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(struct vm_fault *vmf) @@ -1357,7 +1358,6 @@ static vm_fault_t __do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(struct vm_fault *vmf) pgtable_trans_huge_deposit(vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd, pgtable); map_anon_folio_pmd(folio, vmf->pmd, vma, haddr); mm_inc_nr_ptes(vma->vm_mm); - deferred_split_folio(folio, false); spin_unlock(vmf->ptl); } -- 2.34.1

1 month, 1 week

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[PATCH] media: mtk-mdp: Fix a reference leak bug in mtk_mdp_remove()

by Haoxiang Li

In mtk_mdp_probe(), vpu_get_plat_device() increases the reference count of the returned platform device. Add platform_device_put() to prevent reference leak. Fixes: c8eb2d7e8202 ("[media] media: Add Mediatek MDP Driver") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Haoxiang Li <haoxiang_li2024(a)163.com> --- drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c b/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c index 80fdc6ff57e0..eb212ca1a083 100644 --- a/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c +++ b/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c @@ -242,6 +242,7 @@ static void mtk_mdp_remove(struct platform_device *pdev) pm_runtime_disable(&pdev->dev); vb2_dma_contig_clear_max_seg_size(&pdev->dev); + platform_device_put(mdp->vpu_dev); mtk_mdp_unregister_m2m_device(mdp); v4l2_device_unregister(&mdp->v4l2_dev); -- 2.25.1

1 month, 1 week

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[PATCH v3] media: mtk-mdp: Fix error handling in probe function

by Haoxiang Li

Add mtk_mdp_unregister_m2m_device() on the error handling path to prevent resource leak. Add check for the return value of vpu_get_plat_device() to prevent null pointer dereference. And vpu_get_plat_device() increases the reference count of the returned platform device. Add platform_device_put() to prevent reference leak. Fixes: c8eb2d7e8202 ("[media] media: Add Mediatek MDP Driver") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Haoxiang Li <haoxiang_li2024(a)163.com> --- Changes in v3: - Modify the patch subject and description. - Patch v2 is a little bit verbose and trivial, so I changed the subject and moved the fixes of mtk_mdp_remove to a separate patch. Thanks, Nicolas! Changes in v2: - Add check for vpu_get_plat_device() - Add platform_device_put() in mtk_mdp_remove() - Add mtk_mdp_unregister_m2m_device() on the error handling path. - Modify the patch title and description. I think you are right. Thanks, CJ! --- .../media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c | 16 ++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c b/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c index 80fdc6ff57e0..f78fa30f1864 100644 --- a/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c +++ b/drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp/mtk_mdp_core.c @@ -194,11 +194,17 @@ static int mtk_mdp_probe(struct platform_device *pdev) } mdp->vpu_dev = vpu_get_plat_device(pdev); + if (!mdp->vpu_dev) { + dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to get vpu device\n"); + ret = -ENODEV; + goto err_vpu_get_dev; + } + ret = vpu_wdt_reg_handler(mdp->vpu_dev, mtk_mdp_reset_handler, mdp, VPU_RST_MDP); if (ret) { dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to register reset handler\n"); - goto err_m2m_register; + goto err_reg_handler; } platform_set_drvdata(pdev, mdp); @@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ static int mtk_mdp_probe(struct platform_device *pdev) ret = vb2_dma_contig_set_max_seg_size(&pdev->dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32)); if (ret) { dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Failed to set vb2 dma mag seg size\n"); - goto err_m2m_register; + goto err_reg_handler; } pm_runtime_enable(dev); @@ -214,6 +220,12 @@ static int mtk_mdp_probe(struct platform_device *pdev) return 0; +err_reg_handler: + platform_device_put(mdp->vpu_dev); + +err_vpu_get_dev: + mtk_mdp_unregister_m2m_device(mdp); + err_m2m_register: v4l2_device_unregister(&mdp->v4l2_dev); -- 2.25.1

1 month, 1 week

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[PATCH 0/1] Backport request: Fix reading issue on mcp2221

by Romain Sioen

Hi maintainers, Please consider backporting the following patches to the stable trees. These patches fix a significant reading issue with mcp2221 on i2c eeprom. This request is following the one I did previously to fix hid-mcp2221 in previous LTS versions. I have confirmed that the patches applie cleanly and build successfully against v6.12, v6.6, v6.1, v5.15 and v5.10 stable branches. Thanks, Romain Arnaud Lecomte (1): hid: fix I2C read buffer overflow in raw_event() for mcp2221 drivers/hid/hid-mcp2221.c | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) -- 2.48.1

1 month, 1 week

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+ mm-damon-sysfs-dealloc-commit-test-ctx-always.patch added to mm-hotfixes-unstable branch

by Andrew Morton

The patch titled Subject: mm/damon/sysfs: dealloc commit test ctx always has been added to the -mm mm-hotfixes-unstable branch. Its filename is mm-damon-sysfs-dealloc-commit-test-ctx-always.patch This patch will shortly appear at https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/25-new.git/tree/patche… This patch will later appear in the mm-hotfixes-unstable branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm Before you just go and hit "reply", please: a) Consider who else should be cc'ed b) Prefer to cc a suitable mailing list as well c) Ideally: find the original patch on the mailing list and do a reply-to-all to that, adding suitable additional cc's *** Remember to use Documentation/process/submit-checklist.rst when testing your code *** The -mm tree is included into linux-next via the mm-everything branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm and is updated there every 2-3 working days ------------------------------------------------------ From: SeongJae Park <sj(a)kernel.org> Subject: mm/damon/sysfs: dealloc commit test ctx always Date: Fri, 3 Oct 2025 13:14:55 -0700 The damon_ctx for testing online DAMON parameters commit inputs is deallocated only when the test fails. This means memory is leaked for every successful online DAMON parameters commit. Fix the leak by always deallocating it. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251003201455.41448-3-sj@kernel.org Fixes: 4c9ea539ad59 ("mm/damon/sysfs: validate user inputs from damon_sysfs_commit_input()") Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj(a)kernel.org> Cc: <stable(a)vger.kernel.org> [6.15+] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm(a)linux-foundation.org> --- mm/damon/sysfs.c | 5 ++--- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) --- a/mm/damon/sysfs.c~mm-damon-sysfs-dealloc-commit-test-ctx-always +++ a/mm/damon/sysfs.c @@ -1476,12 +1476,11 @@ static int damon_sysfs_commit_input(void if (!test_ctx) return -ENOMEM; err = damon_commit_ctx(test_ctx, param_ctx); - if (err) { - damon_destroy_ctx(test_ctx); + if (err) goto out; - } err = damon_commit_ctx(kdamond->damon_ctx, param_ctx); out: + damon_destroy_ctx(test_ctx); damon_destroy_ctx(param_ctx); return err; } _ Patches currently in -mm which might be from sj(a)kernel.org are mm-damon-sysfs-catch-commit-test-ctx-alloc-failure.patch mm-damon-sysfs-dealloc-commit-test-ctx-always.patch mm-zswap-remove-unnecessary-dlen-writes-for-incompressible-pages.patch mm-zswap-fix-typos-s-zwap-zswap.patch mm-zswap-s-red-black-tree-xarray.patch docs-admin-guide-mm-zswap-s-red-black-tree-xarray.patch

1 month, 1 week

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+ mm-damon-sysfs-catch-commit-test-ctx-alloc-failure.patch added to mm-hotfixes-unstable branch

by Andrew Morton

The patch titled Subject: mm/damon/sysfs: catch commit test ctx alloc failure has been added to the -mm mm-hotfixes-unstable branch. Its filename is mm-damon-sysfs-catch-commit-test-ctx-alloc-failure.patch This patch will shortly appear at https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/25-new.git/tree/patche… This patch will later appear in the mm-hotfixes-unstable branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm Before you just go and hit "reply", please: a) Consider who else should be cc'ed b) Prefer to cc a suitable mailing list as well c) Ideally: find the original patch on the mailing list and do a reply-to-all to that, adding suitable additional cc's *** Remember to use Documentation/process/submit-checklist.rst when testing your code *** The -mm tree is included into linux-next via the mm-everything branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm and is updated there every 2-3 working days ------------------------------------------------------ From: SeongJae Park <sj(a)kernel.org> Subject: mm/damon/sysfs: catch commit test ctx alloc failure Date: Fri, 3 Oct 2025 13:14:54 -0700 The damon_ctx for testing online DAMON parameters commit inputs is used without its allocation failure check. This could result in an invalid memory access. Fix it by directly returning an error when the allocation failed. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251003201455.41448-2-sj@kernel.org Fixes: 4c9ea539ad59 ("mm/damon/sysfs: validate user inputs from damon_sysfs_commit_input()") Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj(a)kernel.org> Cc: <stable(a)vger.kernel.org> [6.15+] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm(a)linux-foundation.org> --- mm/damon/sysfs.c | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) --- a/mm/damon/sysfs.c~mm-damon-sysfs-catch-commit-test-ctx-alloc-failure +++ a/mm/damon/sysfs.c @@ -1473,6 +1473,8 @@ static int damon_sysfs_commit_input(void if (IS_ERR(param_ctx)) return PTR_ERR(param_ctx); test_ctx = damon_new_ctx(); + if (!test_ctx) + return -ENOMEM; err = damon_commit_ctx(test_ctx, param_ctx); if (err) { damon_destroy_ctx(test_ctx); _ Patches currently in -mm which might be from sj(a)kernel.org are mm-damon-sysfs-catch-commit-test-ctx-alloc-failure.patch mm-damon-sysfs-dealloc-commit-test-ctx-always.patch mm-zswap-remove-unnecessary-dlen-writes-for-incompressible-pages.patch mm-zswap-fix-typos-s-zwap-zswap.patch mm-zswap-s-red-black-tree-xarray.patch docs-admin-guide-mm-zswap-s-red-black-tree-xarray.patch

1 month, 1 week

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+ mm-swap-do-not-perform-synchronous-discard-during-allocation.patch added to mm-new branch

by Andrew Morton

The patch titled Subject: mm, swap: do not perform synchronous discard during allocation has been added to the -mm mm-new branch. Its filename is mm-swap-do-not-perform-synchronous-discard-during-allocation.patch This patch will shortly appear at https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/25-new.git/tree/patche… This patch will later appear in the mm-new branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm Note, mm-new is a provisional staging ground for work-in-progress patches, and acceptance into mm-new is a notification for others take notice and to finish up reviews. Please do not hesitate to respond to review feedback and post updated versions to replace or incrementally fixup patches in mm-new. Before you just go and hit "reply", please: a) Consider who else should be cc'ed b) Prefer to cc a suitable mailing list as well c) Ideally: find the original patch on the mailing list and do a reply-to-all to that, adding suitable additional cc's *** Remember to use Documentation/process/submit-checklist.rst when testing your code *** The -mm tree is included into linux-next via the mm-everything branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm and is updated there every 2-3 working days ------------------------------------------------------ From: Kairui Song <kasong(a)tencent.com> Subject: mm, swap: do not perform synchronous discard during allocation Date: Tue, 07 Oct 2025 04:02:33 +0800 Patch series "mm, swap: misc cleanup and bugfix". A few cleanups and a bugfix that are either suitable after the swap table phase I or found during code review. Patch 1 is a bugfix and needs to be included in the stable branch, the rest have no behavior change. This patch (of 4): Since commit 1b7e90020eb77 ("mm, swap: use percpu cluster as allocation fast path"), swap allocation is protected by a local lock, which means we can't do any sleeping calls during allocation. However, the discard routine is not taken well care of. When the swap allocator failed to find any usable cluster, it would look at the pending discard cluster and try to issue some blocking discards. It may not necessarily sleep, but the cond_resched at the bio layer indicates this is wrong when combined with a local lock. And the bio GFP flag used for discard bio is also wrong (not atomic). It's arguable whether this synchronous discard is helpful at all. In most cases, the async discard is good enough. And the swap allocator is doing very differently at organizing the clusters since the recent change, so it is very rare to see discard clusters piling up. So far, no issues have been observed or reported with typical SSD setups under months of high pressure. This issue was found during my code review. But by hacking the kernel a bit: adding a mdelay(100) in the async discard path, this issue will be observable with WARNING triggered by the wrong GFP and cond_resched in the bio layer. So let's fix this issue in a safe way: remove the synchronous discard in the swap allocation path. And when order 0 is failing with all cluster list drained on all swap devices, try to do a discard following the swap device priority list. If any discards released some cluster, try the allocation again. This way, we can still avoid OOM due to swap failure if the hardware is very slow and memory pressure is extremely high. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251007-swap-clean-after-swap-table-p1-v1-0-7486… Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251007-swap-clean-after-swap-table-p1-v1-1-7486… Fixes: 1b7e90020eb77 ("mm, swap: use percpu cluster as allocation fast path") Signed-off-by: Kairui Song <kasong(a)tencent.com> Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang(a)linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Baoquan He <bhe(a)redhat.com> Cc: Barry Song <baohua(a)kernel.org> Cc: Chris Li <chrisl(a)kernel.org> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david(a)redhat.com> Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang(a)linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Kemeng Shi <shikemeng(a)huaweicloud.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy(a)infradead.org> Cc: Nhat Pham <nphamcs(a)gmail.com> Cc: <stable(a)vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm(a)linux-foundation.org> --- mm/swapfile.c | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) --- a/mm/swapfile.c~mm-swap-do-not-perform-synchronous-discard-during-allocation +++ a/mm/swapfile.c @@ -1101,13 +1101,6 @@ new_cluster: goto done; } - /* - * We don't have free cluster but have some clusters in discarding, - * do discard now and reclaim them. - */ - if ((si->flags & SWP_PAGE_DISCARD) && swap_do_scheduled_discard(si)) - goto new_cluster; - if (order) goto done; @@ -1394,6 +1387,33 @@ start_over: return false; } +/* + * Discard pending clusters in a synchronized way when under high pressure. + * Return: true if any cluster is discarded. + */ +static bool swap_sync_discard(void) +{ + bool ret = false; + int nid = numa_node_id(); + struct swap_info_struct *si, *next; + + spin_lock(&swap_avail_lock); + plist_for_each_entry_safe(si, next, &swap_avail_heads[nid], avail_lists[nid]) { + spin_unlock(&swap_avail_lock); + if (get_swap_device_info(si)) { + if (si->flags & SWP_PAGE_DISCARD) + ret = swap_do_scheduled_discard(si); + put_swap_device(si); + } + if (ret) + break; + spin_lock(&swap_avail_lock); + } + spin_unlock(&swap_avail_lock); + + return ret; +} + /** * folio_alloc_swap - allocate swap space for a folio * @folio: folio we want to move to swap @@ -1432,11 +1452,17 @@ int folio_alloc_swap(struct folio *folio } } +again: local_lock(&percpu_swap_cluster.lock); if (!swap_alloc_fast(&entry, order)) swap_alloc_slow(&entry, order); local_unlock(&percpu_swap_cluster.lock); + if (unlikely(!order && !entry.val)) { + if (swap_sync_discard()) + goto again; + } + /* Need to call this even if allocation failed, for MEMCG_SWAP_FAIL. */ if (mem_cgroup_try_charge_swap(folio, entry)) goto out_free; _ Patches currently in -mm which might be from kasong(a)tencent.com are mm-swap-do-not-perform-synchronous-discard-during-allocation.patch mm-swap-rename-helper-for-setup-bad-slots.patch mm-swap-cleanup-swap-entry-allocation-parameter.patch mm-migrate-swap-drop-usage-of-folio_index.patch

1 month, 1 week

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+ mm-ksm-fix-exec-fork-inheritance-support-for-prctl.patch added to mm-new branch

by Andrew Morton

The patch titled Subject: mm/ksm: fix exec/fork inheritance support for prctl has been added to the -mm mm-new branch. Its filename is mm-ksm-fix-exec-fork-inheritance-support-for-prctl.patch This patch will shortly appear at https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/25-new.git/tree/patche… This patch will later appear in the mm-new branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm Note, mm-new is a provisional staging ground for work-in-progress patches, and acceptance into mm-new is a notification for others take notice and to finish up reviews. Please do not hesitate to respond to review feedback and post updated versions to replace or incrementally fixup patches in mm-new. Before you just go and hit "reply", please: a) Consider who else should be cc'ed b) Prefer to cc a suitable mailing list as well c) Ideally: find the original patch on the mailing list and do a reply-to-all to that, adding suitable additional cc's *** Remember to use Documentation/process/submit-checklist.rst when testing your code *** The -mm tree is included into linux-next via the mm-everything branch at git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm and is updated there every 2-3 working days ------------------------------------------------------ From: xu xin <xu.xin16(a)zte.com.cn> Subject: mm/ksm: fix exec/fork inheritance support for prctl Date: Tue, 7 Oct 2025 18:28:21 +0800 (CST) Patch series "ksm: fix exec/fork inheritance", v2. This series fixes exec/fork inheritance. See the detailed description of the issue below. This patch (of 2): Background ========== commit d7597f59d1d33 ("mm: add new api to enable ksm per process") introduced MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY for mm->flags, and allowed user to set it by prctl() so that the process's VMAs are forcibly scanned by ksmd. Subsequently, the 3c6f33b7273a ("mm/ksm: support fork/exec for prctl") supported inheriting the MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY flag when a task calls execve(). Finally, commit 3a9e567ca45fb ("mm/ksm: fix ksm exec support for prctl") fixed the issue that ksmd doesn't scan the mm_struct with MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY by adding the mm_slot to ksm_mm_head in __bprm_mm_init(). Problem ======= In some extreme scenarios, however, this inheritance of MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY during exec/fork can fail. For example, when the scanning frequency of ksmd is tuned extremely high, a process carrying MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY may still fail to pass it to the newly exec'd process. This happens because ksm_execve() is executed too early in the do_execve flow (prematurely adding the new mm_struct to the ksm_mm_slot list). As a result, before do_execve completes, ksmd may have already performed a scan and found that this new mm_struct has no VM_MERGEABLE VMAs, thus clearing its MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY flag. Consequently, when the new program executes, the flag MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY inheritance missed. Root reason =========== commit d7597f59d1d33 ("mm: add new api to enable ksm per process") clear the flag MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY when ksmd found no VM_MERGEABLE VMAs. Solution ======== Firstly, Don't clear MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY when ksmd found no VM_MERGEABLE VMAs, because perhaps their mm_struct has just been added to ksm_mm_slot list, and its process has not yet officially started running or has not yet performed mmap/brk to allocate anonymous VMAS. Secondly, recheck MMF_VM_MERGEABLE again if a process takes MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY, and create a mm_slot and join it into ksm_scan_list again. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251007182504440BJgK8VXRHh8TD7IGSUIY4@zte.com.cn Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251007182821572h_SoFqYZXEP1mvWI4n9VL@zte.com.cn Fixes: 3c6f33b7273a ("mm/ksm: support fork/exec for prctl") Fixes: d7597f59d1d3 ("mm: add new api to enable ksm per process") Signed-off-by: xu xin <xu.xin16(a)zte.com.cn> Cc: Stefan Roesch <shr(a)devkernel.io> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david(a)redhat.com> Cc: Jinjiang Tu <tujinjiang(a)huawei.com> Cc: Wang Yaxin <wang.yaxin(a)zte.com.cn> Cc: Yang Yang <yang.yang29(a)zte.com.cn> Cc: <stable(a)vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm(a)linux-foundation.org> --- include/linux/ksm.h | 4 ++-- mm/ksm.c | 20 +++++++++++++++++--- 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) --- a/include/linux/ksm.h~mm-ksm-fix-exec-fork-inheritance-support-for-prctl +++ a/include/linux/ksm.h @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ #ifdef CONFIG_KSM int ksm_madvise(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start, unsigned long end, int advice, vm_flags_t *vm_flags); -vm_flags_t ksm_vma_flags(const struct mm_struct *mm, const struct file *file, +vm_flags_t ksm_vma_flags(struct mm_struct *mm, const struct file *file, vm_flags_t vm_flags); int ksm_enable_merge_any(struct mm_struct *mm); int ksm_disable_merge_any(struct mm_struct *mm); @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ bool ksm_process_mergeable(struct mm_str #else /* !CONFIG_KSM */ -static inline vm_flags_t ksm_vma_flags(const struct mm_struct *mm, +static inline vm_flags_t ksm_vma_flags(struct mm_struct *mm, const struct file *file, vm_flags_t vm_flags) { return vm_flags; --- a/mm/ksm.c~mm-ksm-fix-exec-fork-inheritance-support-for-prctl +++ a/mm/ksm.c @@ -2617,8 +2617,14 @@ no_vmas: spin_unlock(&ksm_mmlist_lock); mm_slot_free(mm_slot_cache, mm_slot); + /* + * Only clear MMF_VM_MERGEABLE. We must not clear + * MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY, because for those MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY process, + * perhaps their mm_struct has just been added to ksm_mm_slot + * list, and its process has not yet officially started running + * or has not yet performed mmap/brk to allocate anonymous VMAS. + */ mm_flags_clear(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, mm); - mm_flags_clear(MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY, mm); mmap_read_unlock(mm); mmdrop(mm); } else { @@ -2736,12 +2742,20 @@ static int __ksm_del_vma(struct vm_area_ * * Returns: @vm_flags possibly updated to mark mergeable. */ -vm_flags_t ksm_vma_flags(const struct mm_struct *mm, const struct file *file, +vm_flags_t ksm_vma_flags(struct mm_struct *mm, const struct file *file, vm_flags_t vm_flags) { if (mm_flags_test(MMF_VM_MERGE_ANY, mm) && - __ksm_should_add_vma(file, vm_flags)) + __ksm_should_add_vma(file, vm_flags)) { vm_flags |= VM_MERGEABLE; + /* + * Generally, the flags here always include MMF_VM_MERGEABLE. + * However, in rare cases, this flag may be cleared by ksmd who + * scans a cycle without finding any mergeable vma. + */ + if (unlikely(!mm_flags_test(MMF_VM_MERGEABLE, mm))) + __ksm_enter(mm); + } return vm_flags; } _ Patches currently in -mm which might be from xu.xin16(a)zte.com.cn are mm-ksm-fix-exec-fork-inheritance-support-for-prctl.patch selftests-update-ksm-inheritation-tests-for-prctl-fork-exec.patch

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[merged mm-hotfixes-stable] mm-hugetlb-avoid-soft-lockup-when-mprotect-to-large-memory-area.patch removed from -mm tree

by Andrew Morton

The quilt patch titled Subject: mm: hugetlb: avoid soft lockup when mprotect to large memory area has been removed from the -mm tree. Its filename was mm-hugetlb-avoid-soft-lockup-when-mprotect-to-large-memory-area.patch This patch was dropped because it was merged into the mm-hotfixes-stable branch of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm ------------------------------------------------------ From: Yang Shi <yang(a)os.amperecomputing.com> Subject: mm: hugetlb: avoid soft lockup when mprotect to large memory area Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 13:24:02 -0700 When calling mprotect() to a large hugetlb memory area in our customer's workload (~300GB hugetlb memory), soft lockup was observed: watchdog: BUG: soft lockup - CPU#98 stuck for 23s! [t2_new_sysv:126916] CPU: 98 PID: 126916 Comm: t2_new_sysv Kdump: loaded Not tainted 6.17-rc7 Hardware name: GIGACOMPUTING R2A3-T40-AAV1/Jefferson CIO, BIOS 5.4.4.1 07/15/2025 pstate: 20400009 (nzCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--) pc��: mte_clear_page_tags+0x14/0x24 lr��: mte_sync_tags+0x1c0/0x240 sp��: ffff80003150bb80 x29: ffff80003150bb80 x28: ffff00739e9705a8 x27: 0000ffd2d6a00000 x26: 0000ff8e4bc00000 x25: 00e80046cde00f45 x24: 0000000000022458 x23: 0000000000000000 x22: 0000000000000004 x21: 000000011b380000 x20: ffff000000000000 x19: 000000011b379f40 x18: 0000000000000000 x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000000 x15: 0000000000000000 x14: 0000000000000000 x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000000 x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000000 x9 : ffffc875e0aa5e2c x8��: 0000000000000000 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0000000000000000 x5��: fffffc01ce7a5c00 x4 : 00000000046cde00 x3 : fffffc0000000000 x2��: 0000000000000004 x1 : 0000000000000040 x0 : ffff0046cde7c000 Call trace: ��mte_clear_page_tags+0x14/0x24 ��set_huge_pte_at+0x25c/0x280 ��hugetlb_change_protection+0x220/0x430 ��change_protection+0x5c/0x8c ��mprotect_fixup+0x10c/0x294 ��do_mprotect_pkey.constprop.0+0x2e0/0x3d4 ��__arm64_sys_mprotect+0x24/0x44 ��invoke_syscall+0x50/0x160 ��el0_svc_common+0x48/0x144 ��do_el0_svc+0x30/0xe0 ��el0_svc+0x30/0xf0 ��el0t_64_sync_handler+0xc4/0x148 ��el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8 Soft lockup is not triggered with THP or base page because there is cond_resched() called for each PMD size. Although the soft lockup was triggered by MTE, it should be not MTE specific. The other processing which takes long time in the loop may trigger soft lockup too. So add cond_resched() for hugetlb to avoid soft lockup. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250929202402.1663290-1-yang@os.amperecomputing.… Fixes: 8f860591ffb2 ("[PATCH] Enable mprotect on huge pages") Signed-off-by: Yang Shi <yang(a)os.amperecomputing.com> Tested-by: Carl Worth <carl(a)os.amperecomputing.com> Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter (Ampere) <cl(a)gentwo.org> Reviewed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas(a)arm.com> Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david(a)redhat.com> Acked-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador(a)suse.de> Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual(a)arm.com> Reviewed-by: Dev Jain <dev.jain(a)arm.com> Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song(a)linux.dev> Cc: Will Deacon <will(a)kernel.org> Cc: <stable(a)vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm(a)linux-foundation.org> --- mm/hugetlb.c | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) --- a/mm/hugetlb.c~mm-hugetlb-avoid-soft-lockup-when-mprotect-to-large-memory-area +++ a/mm/hugetlb.c @@ -7222,6 +7222,8 @@ long hugetlb_change_protection(struct vm psize); } spin_unlock(ptl); + + cond_resched(); } /* * Must flush TLB before releasing i_mmap_rwsem: x86's huge_pmd_unshare _ Patches currently in -mm which might be from yang(a)os.amperecomputing.com are

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