Linaro-mm-sig

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by divedtomson＠gmail.com

1 month, 2 weeks

A Beginner's Guide to Geometry Dash

by marleneostetler＠wshu.net

Ever found yourself captivated by the rhythmic thumping and vibrant visuals of a game where a block navigates a perilous obstacle course? That's the essence of Geometry Dash, a deceptively simple yet endlessly engaging rhythm-based platformer that has garnered a massive following. If you're looking to dive into a game that tests your reflexes, spatial awareness, and musicality, you've come to the right place. This guide will walk you through the basics of experiencing this unique title, offering tips and insights for both newcomers and those looking to improve. What is Geometry Dash? A Symphony of Squares and Spikes At its core, geometry dash is about guiding a square-shaped icon through a series of levels, each meticulously synchronized to an energetic electronic soundtrack. The objective is straightforward: reach the end of the level without crashing into any obstacles. These obstacles range from stationary spikes and moving saws to gravity-altering portals and speed-changing gates. The beauty of Geometry Dash lies in its elegant simplicity – a single tap or click makes your icon jump. Hold down, and it will continuously jump (or fly, depending on the current game mode). https://geometrydashlitefree.com The game isn't just about pixel-perfect timing; it's also about memorization and pattern recognition. Each level is a carefully choreographed dance between your icon and the environment. While the initial levels serve as a tutorial of sorts, introducing new mechanics and obstacles gradually, the difficulty quickly ramps up, demanding precise execution and a keen ear for the music's rhythm. The satisfaction of finally conquering a particularly challenging section, after countless attempts, is a feeling few other games can replicate. Getting Started: Your First Jumps and Flips Jumping into geometry dash is surprisingly easy. Most versions of the game offer a "Lite" or free demo, allowing you to experience a taste of the action without commitment. Once you've launched the game, you'll likely be presented with a selection of official levels, each with its own unique theme, music, and difficulty rating. Start with the earliest levels, such as "Stereo Madness" or "Back on Track." These are designed to introduce you to the fundamental mechanics: the basic jump, the continuous jump, and how the music dictates the flow of the level. Don't be discouraged by early failures; dying is an integral part of the learning process in Geometry Dash. Each failed attempt offers a valuable lesson, revealing the timing of a jump or the placement of an obstacle you hadn't noticed before. As you progress, you'll encounter various game modes, each changing how your icon behaves: Cube: The standard jumping icon. Ship: Your icon transforms into a spaceship, allowing you to fly by holding down. Releasing the button causes you to descend. Ball: Gravity flips with each tap, making your icon roll along the ceiling or floor. UFO: Similar to the ship, but each tap causes a short burst of upward flight. Wave: Your icon moves in a diagonal wave pattern, controlled by holding down to go up and releasing to go down. Robot: A bouncier version of the cube, with adjustable jump height based on how long you hold down. Spider: Instantly teleports your icon between the floor and ceiling with each tap. Mastering these modes, and understanding how they interact with different portals and environmental elements, is key to success. Tips for Taming the Dash Geometry Dash can be frustrating, but with the right approach, it becomes incredibly rewarding. Here are some tips to help you on your journey: Start Slow and Steady: Don't immediately jump into demon levels. Work your way through the official levels in order, gradually building your skills and understanding of the game's mechanics. Practice Mode is Your Best Friend: Every level features a "Practice Mode" where you can place checkpoints. This allows you to tackle difficult sections repeatedly without having to restart the entire level. Utilize it extensively to learn tricky timings and obstacle patterns. Listen to the Music: The music isn't just background noise; it's a vital part of the gameplay. Many jumps and actions are synchronized with the beat, so paying attention to the rhythm can significantly improve your timing. Focus on One Section at a Time: If you're struggling with a particular part of a level, break it down. Practice that specific sequence in practice mode until you can consistently clear it. Don't Be Afraid to Take Breaks: Frustration can quickly set in. If you find yourself getting angry or making more mistakes, step away from the game for a bit. A fresh perspective can often work wonders. Experiment with Custom Levels: Once you've tackled the official levels, the community-created levels offer an endless supply of challenges and creativity. From auto levels to extreme demons, there's something for everyone. The Endless Dash Geometry Dash is more than just a game; it's a testament to dedication and perseverance. Its simple controls belie a deep and challenging experience that rewards patience and practice. Whether you're aiming to conquer every official level, create your own elaborate courses, or simply enjoy the captivating music and visuals, the world of Geometry Dash offers endless possibilities. So, grab your virtual square, crank up the volume, and prepare for an exhilarating ride through a vibrant, spike-filled world.

1 month, 3 weeks

TELEGRAM: DRMIKE100 TO BUY ADDERALL ONLINE WITHOUT SCRIPT

by humanhealthchems＠gmail.com

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1 month, 3 weeks

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1 month, 3 weeks

[PATCH v15 0/6] Rust bindings for gem shmem

by Lyude Paul

Most of this patch series has already been pushed upstream, this is just the second half of the patch series that has not been pushed yet + some additional changes which were required to implement changes requested by the mailing list. This patch series is originally from Asahi, previously posted by Daniel Almeida. The previous version of the patch series can be found here: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/series/164580/ Branch with patches applied available here: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/lyudess/linux/-/commits/rust/gem-shmem This patch series applies on top of drm-rust-next with the following dependencies applied: https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260529173137.303717-1-lyude@redhat… Lyude Paul (6): rust: gem: shmem: Fix Default implementation for ObjectConfig rust: drm: gem/shmem: Add DmaResvGuard helper rust: drm: gem: Add vmap functions to shmem bindings rust: faux: Allow retrieving a bound Device drm/gem/shmem: Introduce __drm_gem_shmem_free_sgt_locked() rust: drm: gem: Introduce shmem::Object::sg_table() drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem_shmem_helper.c | 32 +- include/drm/drm_gem_shmem_helper.h | 1 + rust/kernel/drm/gem/shmem.rs | 497 ++++++++++++++++++++++++- rust/kernel/faux.rs | 7 +- 4 files changed, 512 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) base-commit: 0e42ec83d46ab8877d38d37493328ed7d1a24de8 prerequisite-patch-id: c8ade07eec6e9c9e875800b114137c459d362e4e prerequisite-patch-id: c38da06dbc4cfd2589bf2e7e9f0ebaa4da521ddf -- 2.54.0

1 month, 3 weeks

[PATCH] drm/prime: Fix unsupervised rb_tree corruption in drm_prime_remove_buf_handle

by w15303746062＠163.com

From: Mingyu Wang <25181214217(a)stu.xidian.edu.cn> Syzkaller fuzzer triggered a kernel panic via a WARNING in drm_prime_destroy_file_private() due to a non-empty prime rb_tree. The root cause is a complete lack of synchronization in the teardown path. While the import path (drm_gem_prime_fd_to_handle) holds the &file_priv->prime.lock during lookup and insertion, the deletion path (drm_prime_remove_buf_handle) traverses and mutates both the 'handles' and 'dmabufs' rb_trees without acquiring any mutex. When multiple threads concurrently close GEM handles or interleave import and close operations, the pointers and balance states of the rb_tree nodes get corrupted. As a result, certain members are erased from one tree but remain orphaned in the other. Upon process exit, the final sanity check triggers the WARNING. [ 448.919314][T19739] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 448.945387][T19739] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 19739 at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c:223 drm_prime_destroy_file_private+0x43/0x60 ... [ 449.056535][T19739] Call Trace: [ 449.056544][T19739] <TASK> [ 449.056553][T19739] drm_file_free.part.0+0x805/0xcf0 [ 449.056652][T19739] drm_close_helper.isra.0+0x183/0x1f0 [ 449.056677][T19739] drm_release+0x1ab/0x360 [ 449.056719][T19739] __fput+0x402/0xb50 [ 449.056783][T19739] task_work_run+0x16b/0x260 [ 449.056883][T19739] exit_to_user_mode_loop+0xf9/0x130 [ 449.056931][T19739] do_syscall_64+0x424/0xfa0 [ 449.056977][T19739] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f [ 449.057268][T19739] </TASK> [ 449.057295][T19739] Kernel panic - not syncing: kernel: panic_on_warn set ... Fix this by acquiring the prime_fpriv->lock mutex around the rb_tree lookup and erasure logic. To respect the locking rules and avoid potential deadlocks with driver-specific memory cleanups, assign the target node to a temporary pointer and defer the dma_buf_put() and kfree() operations until after the mutex is safely dropped. Fixes: ea2aa97ca37a ("drm/gem: Fix GEM handle release errors") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Mingyu Wang <25181214217(a)stu.xidian.edu.cn> --- drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c | 13 +++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c index 9b44c78cd77f..26319c638e0f 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c @@ -190,6 +190,9 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv, uint32_t handle) { struct rb_node *rb; + struct drm_prime_member *found = NULL; + + mutex_lock(&prime_fpriv->lock); rb = prime_fpriv->handles.rb_node; while (rb) { @@ -200,8 +203,7 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv, rb_erase(&member->handle_rb, &prime_fpriv->handles); rb_erase(&member->dmabuf_rb, &prime_fpriv->dmabufs); - dma_buf_put(member->dma_buf); - kfree(member); + found = member; break; } else if (member->handle < handle) { rb = rb->rb_right; @@ -209,6 +211,13 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv, rb = rb->rb_left; } } + mutex_unlock(&prime_fpriv->lock); + + /* Defer resource release outside the mutex to prevent deadlocks */ + if (found) { + dma_buf_put(found->dma_buf); + kfree(found); + } } void drm_prime_init_file_private(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv) -- 2.34.1

1 month, 3 weeks

[PATCH] drm/amdgpu: fix recursive ww_mutex acquire in amdgpu_devcoredump_format

by Mikhail Gavrilov

When dumping IB contents from a hung job, amdgpu_devcoredump_format() acquires the VM root PD's reservation lock via amdgpu_vm_lock_by_pasid() and then, for each IB referenced by the job, calls amdgpu_bo_reserve() on the BO that backs the IB. Both reservations are taken on reservation_ww_class_mutex objects but neither uses a ww_acquire_ctx, which trips lockdep: WARNING: possible recursive locking detected -------------------------------------------- kworker/u128:0 is trying to acquire lock: ffff88838b16e1f0 (reservation_ww_class_mutex){+.+.}-{4:4}, at: amdgpu_devcoredump_format+0x1594/0x23f0 [amdgpu] but task is already holding lock: ffff8882f82681f0 (reservation_ww_class_mutex){+.+.}-{4:4}, at: amdgpu_devcoredump_format+0x1594/0x23f0 [amdgpu] Possible unsafe locking scenario: CPU0 ---- lock(reservation_ww_class_mutex); lock(reservation_ww_class_mutex); *** DEADLOCK *** May be due to missing lock nesting notation Workqueue: events_unbound amdgpu_devcoredump_deferred_work [amdgpu] Call Trace: __ww_mutex_lock.constprop.0 ww_mutex_lock amdgpu_bo_reserve amdgpu_devcoredump_format+0x1594 [amdgpu] amdgpu_devcoredump_deferred_work+0xea [amdgpu] process_one_work worker_thread kthread The two reservations are on different BOs in the captured trace, so the splat is a lockdep-correctness warning, not an observed deadlock. It becomes a real self-deadlock whenever the IB BO shares its dma_resv with the root PD (the always-valid case, see amdgpu_vm_is_bo_always_valid()): amdgpu_bo_reserve(abo) re-acquires the same ww_mutex without a ticket and blocks forever. With amdgpu.gpu_recovery=0 the timeout handler refires every ~2 s and each invocation produces this splat, drowning the kernel ring buffer. Fix it by collecting the per-IB BO references under the root PD's reservation, then releasing the root before reserving each IB BO individually. The walk over the VM mapping tree must remain under the root lock (mappings can be torn down without it), but the actual content copies do not need to nest inside it. Each per-IB reservation is now an independent top-level acquire, eliminating the nested ww_mutex. The collect/release logic is factored out into two small helpers (amdgpu_devcoredump_collect_ib_refs / amdgpu_devcoredump_release_ib_refs) to keep the main function's indentation reasonable. This also fixes a BO refcount leak in the original code: when amdgpu_bo_reserve() failed, control jumped to free_ib_content without running amdgpu_bo_unref(). In the new structure the per-IB BO refs are released unconditionally in the cleanup helper. Reproducer (~150 LoC libdrm_amdgpu): submit a single GFX IB containing PACKET3_INDIRECT_BUFFER chained at GPU VA 0 and wait for the fence. The TDR fires within ~10 s and the deferred coredump worker produces the splat above on every invocation. Fixes: 7b15fc2d1f1a ("drm/amdgpu: dump job ibs in the devcoredump") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org # 7.1 Signed-off-by: Mikhail Gavrilov <mikhail.v.gavrilov(a)gmail.com> --- .../gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_dev_coredump.c | 147 +++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_dev_coredump.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_dev_coredump.c index d386bc775d03..f6bb968de756 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_dev_coredump.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_dev_coredump.c @@ -207,6 +207,72 @@ static void amdgpu_devcoredump_fw_info(struct amdgpu_device *adev, } } +struct amdgpu_devcoredump_ib_ref { + struct amdgpu_bo *bo; + u64 offset; +}; + +/* + * Walk the VM's mapping tree under the root PD's reservation to obtain the BO + * that backs each IB and pin it with a refcount. The root PD reservation is + * dropped before this function returns; the caller can then reserve each IB + * BO individually without nesting ww_mutex acquires on + * reservation_ww_class_mutex. + * + * Returns an array of num_ibs entries (each ib_refs[i].bo may be NULL if its + * mapping was not found), or NULL on allocation failure / VM lookup failure. + * The caller must release the BO refs and free the array. + */ +static struct amdgpu_devcoredump_ib_ref * +amdgpu_devcoredump_collect_ib_refs(struct amdgpu_device *adev, + struct amdgpu_coredump_info *coredump) +{ + struct amdgpu_devcoredump_ib_ref *ib_refs; + struct amdgpu_bo_va_mapping *mapping; + struct amdgpu_bo *root; + struct amdgpu_vm *vm; + u64 va_start; + + ib_refs = kcalloc(coredump->num_ibs, sizeof(*ib_refs), GFP_KERNEL); + if (!ib_refs) + return NULL; + + vm = amdgpu_vm_lock_by_pasid(adev, &root, coredump->pasid); + if (!vm) { + kfree(ib_refs); + return NULL; + } + + for (int i = 0; i < coredump->num_ibs; i++) { + va_start = coredump->ibs[i].gpu_addr & AMDGPU_GMC_HOLE_MASK; + mapping = amdgpu_vm_bo_lookup_mapping(vm, va_start / AMDGPU_GPU_PAGE_SIZE); + if (!mapping) + continue; + + ib_refs[i].bo = amdgpu_bo_ref(mapping->bo_va->base.bo); + ib_refs[i].offset = va_start - + mapping->start * AMDGPU_GPU_PAGE_SIZE; + } + + amdgpu_bo_unreserve(root); + amdgpu_bo_unref(&root); + + return ib_refs; +} + +static void +amdgpu_devcoredump_release_ib_refs(struct amdgpu_devcoredump_ib_ref *ib_refs, + int num_ibs) +{ + if (!ib_refs) + return; + + for (int i = 0; i < num_ibs; i++) + if (ib_refs[i].bo) + amdgpu_bo_unref(&ib_refs[i].bo); + kfree(ib_refs); +} + static ssize_t amdgpu_devcoredump_format(char *buffer, size_t count, struct amdgpu_coredump_info *coredump) { @@ -214,13 +280,11 @@ amdgpu_devcoredump_format(char *buffer, size_t count, struct amdgpu_coredump_inf struct drm_printer p; struct drm_print_iterator iter; struct amdgpu_vm_fault_info *fault_info; - struct amdgpu_bo_va_mapping *mapping; struct amdgpu_ip_block *ip_block; struct amdgpu_res_cursor cursor; - struct amdgpu_bo *abo, *root; - uint64_t va_start, offset; + struct amdgpu_bo *abo; + uint64_t offset; struct amdgpu_ring *ring; - struct amdgpu_vm *vm; u32 *ib_content; uint8_t *kptr; int ver, i, j, r; @@ -343,43 +407,52 @@ amdgpu_devcoredump_format(char *buffer, size_t count, struct amdgpu_coredump_inf drm_printf(&p, "VRAM is lost due to GPU reset!\n"); if (coredump->num_ibs) { - /* Don't try to lookup the VM or map the BOs when calculating the - * size required to store the devcoredump. + struct amdgpu_devcoredump_ib_ref *ib_refs = NULL; + + /* + * Snapshot per-IB BO references under the root PD's reservation, + * then release the root before reserving each IB BO individually + * to copy its contents. + * + * Reserving an IB BO while the root PD is still reserved would + * be a nested ww_mutex acquire on reservation_ww_class_mutex + * without a ww_acquire_ctx, which trips lockdep's recursive- + * locking check and self-deadlocks for IB BOs that share their + * dma_resv with the root PD (always-valid BOs). + * + * Skip lookup/reservation entirely on the sizing pass: it does + * not write IB content, and the size estimate doesn't depend on + * whether the BOs are reachable. */ - if (sizing_pass) - vm = NULL; - else - vm = amdgpu_vm_lock_by_pasid(adev, &root, coredump->pasid); + if (!sizing_pass) + ib_refs = amdgpu_devcoredump_collect_ib_refs(adev, coredump); - for (int i = 0; i < coredump->num_ibs && (sizing_pass || vm); i++) { + for (int i = 0; i < coredump->num_ibs; i++) { ib_content = kvmalloc_array(coredump->ibs[i].ib_size_dw, 4, GFP_KERNEL); if (!ib_content) continue; - /* vm=NULL can only happen when 'sizing_pass' is true. Skip to the - * drm_printf() calls (ib_content doesn't need to be initialized - * as its content won't be written anywhere). - */ - if (!vm) + if (sizing_pass) goto output_ib_content; - va_start = coredump->ibs[i].gpu_addr & AMDGPU_GMC_HOLE_MASK; - mapping = amdgpu_vm_bo_lookup_mapping(vm, va_start / AMDGPU_GPU_PAGE_SIZE); - if (!mapping) - goto free_ib_content; + if (!ib_refs || !ib_refs[i].bo) + goto output_ib_content; + + abo = ib_refs[i].bo; + offset = ib_refs[i].offset; - offset = va_start - (mapping->start * AMDGPU_GPU_PAGE_SIZE); - abo = amdgpu_bo_ref(mapping->bo_va->base.bo); r = amdgpu_bo_reserve(abo, false); if (r) - goto free_ib_content; + goto output_ib_content; if (abo->flags & AMDGPU_GEM_CREATE_NO_CPU_ACCESS) { off = 0; - if (abo->tbo.resource->mem_type != TTM_PL_VRAM) - goto unreserve_abo; + if (abo->tbo.resource->mem_type != TTM_PL_VRAM) { + amdgpu_bo_unreserve(abo); + goto output_ib_content; + } amdgpu_res_first(abo->tbo.resource, offset, coredump->ibs[i].ib_size_dw * 4, @@ -395,8 +468,10 @@ amdgpu_devcoredump_format(char *buffer, size_t count, struct amdgpu_coredump_inf r = ttm_bo_kmap(&abo->tbo, 0, PFN_UP(abo->tbo.base.size), &abo->kmap); - if (r) - goto unreserve_abo; + if (r) { + amdgpu_bo_unreserve(abo); + goto output_ib_content; + } kptr = amdgpu_bo_kptr(abo); kptr += offset; @@ -406,21 +481,19 @@ amdgpu_devcoredump_format(char *buffer, size_t count, struct amdgpu_coredump_inf amdgpu_bo_kunmap(abo); } + amdgpu_bo_unreserve(abo); + output_ib_content: drm_printf(&p, "\nIB #%d 0x%llx %d dw\n", i, coredump->ibs[i].gpu_addr, coredump->ibs[i].ib_size_dw); - for (int j = 0; j < coredump->ibs[i].ib_size_dw; j++) - drm_printf(&p, "0x%08x\n", ib_content[j]); -unreserve_abo: - if (vm) - amdgpu_bo_unreserve(abo); -free_ib_content: + if (!sizing_pass && ib_refs && ib_refs[i].bo) { + for (int j = 0; j < coredump->ibs[i].ib_size_dw; j++) + drm_printf(&p, "0x%08x\n", ib_content[j]); + } kvfree(ib_content); } - if (vm) { - amdgpu_bo_unreserve(root); - amdgpu_bo_unref(&root); - } + + amdgpu_devcoredump_release_ib_refs(ib_refs, coredump->num_ibs); } return count - iter.remain; -- 2.54.0

1 month, 3 weeks

A Guide to Slither io and the Joy of Simple Gaming

by kaywilson＠wshu.net

In a world filled with hyper-realistic graphics and complex narratives, sometimes the most captivating experiences are the simplest. Enter Slither io, a game that takes the classic "snake" concept and injects it with a healthy dose of online multiplayer mayhem. If you've ever found yourself drawn to the addictive nature of growing a digital creature, or the thrill of outsmarting your opponents in a low-stakes, high-fun environment, then read on. This article will guide you through the basics of Slither io and offer some insights into how to master its charmingly straightforward gameplay. What is Slither io? A Journey into the World of Glowing Serpents Slither io is an online multiplayer arcade game where you control a vibrant, glowing snake. Your objective is deceptively simple: grow your snake by consuming glowing pellets scattered across the map, while avoiding collisions with other players. The twist? Unlike traditional snake games, touching another snake's body (not just its head) means instant demise. This core mechanic creates a dynamic and surprisingly strategic environment where even the smallest snake can take down the largest, given the right timing and tactical positioning. The game's accessibility, with its browser-based play and intuitive controls, makes it a perfect pick-up-and-play experience for anyone looking to unwind and have a little competitive fun. The Dance of the Serpent: Understanding Slither io Gameplay Getting started in Slither io is remarkably easy. Upon loading the game, you'll be prompted to enter a nickname. Once you're in, you'll find yourself as a small, brightly colored snake on a vast, dark arena filled with glowing food. https://slitherio.onl Movement: Your snake follows your mouse cursor. Simply move your mouse to guide your snake in the desired direction. There are no "up, down, left, right" keys – it's all about smooth, continuous movement. 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1 month, 3 weeks

Terrifying Escape Challenges Inside Granny Horror Survival Adventure

by reasonable.rabbit.epoq＠hidingmail.net

Introduction to Granny Horror Gameplay Granny is one of the most popular horror games in the mobile gaming world. The game creates a tense atmosphere filled with darkness, fear, and unpredictable danger. Players wake up inside an old house and must find a way to escape before time runs out. Every sound can attract danger, and every room may hide useful tools or deadly traps. https://grannyfree.io/ The simple gameplay mechanics make Granny easy to understand, but the increasing tension keeps players engaged for hours. Horror fans enjoy the thrilling experience because every match feels different. Random item locations and unpredictable enemy movement create excitement in every playthrough. The game combines stealth mechanics, puzzle-solving, and survival elements into a complete horror adventure. Players must stay quiet, move carefully, and think strategically to survive inside the terrifying house. Dark Atmosphere and Immersive Horror Experience Creepy Environment and Sound Design One of the strongest features of Granny is the frightening atmosphere. The old house contains dark hallways, broken furniture, hidden basements, and mysterious locked doors. Every area creates tension and uncertainty. The sound effects increase the horror experience dramatically. Footsteps, creaking floors, and sudden noises make every movement feel dangerous. Silence becomes just as terrifying as loud sounds because players never know where danger may appear next. The visual design also supports the horror theme. Dim lighting and shadow-filled rooms create suspense throughout the game. Even simple exploration becomes stressful because danger may appear at any moment. Fear Created Through Constant Pressure Granny creates fear through pressure instead of excessive action. Players cannot fight freely or move carelessly. One wrong decision may lead to immediate failure. This constant danger keeps players focused and emotionally involved. The limited time system adds more intensity. Players usually have only a few days to escape the house. Each failed attempt increases tension and forces players to learn from mistakes. The combination of stealth and survival mechanics creates memorable horror moments that many players continue discussing online. Survival Mechanics That Keep Players Engaged Stealth Gameplay and Smart Movement Stealth is the core mechanic of Granny. Running loudly or dropping objects may attract danger instantly. Players must crouch, hide under beds, and move slowly to avoid detection. Different areas of the house require careful observation. Some floors create noise, while certain doors open slowly and loudly. Understanding the environment becomes essential for survival. The game rewards patience and strategic thinking. Quick reactions help during emergencies, but long-term success depends on planning and observation. Puzzle Solving and Exploration Granny includes many puzzles that require exploration and logical thinking. Players must search for keys, tools, batteries, and hidden objects throughout the house. Many items have multiple purposes. A hammer may remove wooden barriers, while a key may unlock important escape routes. Players need to remember item locations and manage resources efficiently. The puzzles remain simple enough for beginners but challenging enough to maintain excitement. Exploration becomes rewarding because every discovered item may help progress toward freedom. Different Escape Routes and Replay Value Multiple Ways to Escape One reason behind the popularity of Granny is the variety of escape methods. Players can unlock doors, repair vehicles, or discover secret routes hidden inside the house. Different strategies create different experiences. Some players focus on quick escapes, while others explore every room carefully. This flexibility keeps the gameplay fresh over multiple sessions. The hidden secrets encourage replayability. Many players return to discover alternative endings and hidden features that they missed during earlier attempts. Difficulty Levels for All Players Granny includes several difficulty settings that make the game accessible for different skill levels. Beginners can choose easier modes with fewer dangers, while experienced players can select harder difficulties for more intense gameplay. Harder modes increase enemy speed, reduce available resources, and create additional challenges. These options allow players to customize the horror experience according to personal preference. This adjustable difficulty system helps Granny appeal to both casual gamers and hardcore horror fans. Why Granny Became Popular Worldwide Simple Controls and Accessible Gameplay Granny became successful partly because of its simple controls. Mobile players can easily learn movement, interaction, and hiding mechanics without complicated tutorials. The accessibility allows players from many age groups to enjoy the game. Quick learning combined with intense horror creates an experience that remains entertaining from the first session. The lightweight design also helps the game run smoothly on many devices, increasing global popularity. Viral Content and Streaming Success Many content creators helped Granny gain worldwide attention. Horror reactions, escape challenges, and gameplay videos became extremely popular on streaming platforms and social media. The unpredictable gameplay creates entertaining reactions that viewers enjoy watching. Every scream, failed escape, or close encounter becomes exciting content for audiences. Online communities continue sharing strategies, secrets, and challenge ideas related to Granny. This active fanbase helps maintain interest in the game years after release. Advanced Tips for Better Survival Learn Sound Management Techniques Sound management is extremely important in Granny. Players should avoid throwing objects unnecessarily and close doors carefully whenever possible. Listening carefully also provides valuable information. Enemy movement sounds may reveal safe paths or dangerous locations nearby. Headphones improve the overall experience because directional sound helps players understand threats more accurately. Memorize Important Locations Successful players often memorize room layouts and item spawn locations. Fast navigation becomes critical during dangerous situations. Important escape tools usually appear in random positions, but understanding the general map structure helps players search more efficiently. Practice improves confidence and reduces panic during stressful moments. Horror Elements That Make Granny Unique Psychological Fear Instead of Constant Action Unlike many action-heavy horror games, Granny focuses on psychological tension. Silence, uncertainty, and limited visibility create fear naturally. Players spend much of the game anticipating danger instead of constantly fighting enemies. This slower pacing creates stronger emotional impact. The feeling of helplessness increases immersion and makes every successful escape feel rewarding. Minimalist Design With Strong Impact Granny proves that simple design can still create powerful horror experiences. The game does not rely on advanced graphics or complex mechanics. Instead, strong atmosphere, effective sound design, and intelligent pacing create memorable gameplay. This minimalist approach allows the horror elements to remain the main focus. Many modern indie horror games use similar techniques inspired by the success of Granny. Conclusion Granny continues to attract horror fans because of intense survival gameplay, frightening atmosphere, and engaging escape mechanics. The combination of stealth, puzzles, and psychological horror creates a unique experience that remains entertaining even after multiple playthroughs. Simple controls, multiple difficulty settings, and different escape routes make the game accessible for many players around the world. Whether players enjoy exploration, suspense, or strategic survival, Granny delivers a thrilling horror adventure filled with tension and excitement. For anyone searching for a memorable horror game with challenging survival mechanics, Granny remains an excellent choice in the horror gaming genre.

1 month, 3 weeks

[PATCH v3] dma-buf: Fix silent overflow for phys vec to sgt

by David Hu

In case MMIO size is bigger than 4G and peer2peer DMA goes through host bridge, we trigger a code path that assigns the total linked IOVA (which is greater than 4G) to mapped_len. Previously, `mapped_len` was declared as 32-bit `unsigned int`. When accumulating `size_t` lengths, this leads to a silent wrap-around. This truncation causes truncated lengths to be passed to functions like `fill_sg_entry()`. Fix this by changing `mapped_len` to `size_t` (64-bit). While at it, fix similar potential overflow issues in `calc_sg_nents` by using `size_t` for `nents` and checking against `UINT_MAX` and using `unsigned int` for the loop iterator in `fill_sg_entry` to match. Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Cc: iommu(a)lists.linux.dev Reviewed-by: Pranjal Shrivastava <praan(a)google.com> Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu(a)google.com> --- Changes in v3: - Removed leftover sentence fragment from the commit message. - Kept `nents = 0` initialization (previously stated as removed in the v2 changelog) as it is strictly required for the `+=` accumulation loop in `calc_sg_nents()`. Changes in v2: - Fixed 'IVOA' -> 'IOVA' typo and expanded commit message (Claude Bot). - Added Reverse Xmas tree formatting (Pranjal). - Folded in extra bounds checking for calc_sg_nents() (Pranjal). - Folded in type consistency fix for fill_sg_entry() (Pranjal). drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 10 +++++++--- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c index 794acff2546a..5bc769fc42ea 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length, dma_addr_t addr) { unsigned int len, nents; - int i; + unsigned int i; nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX); for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) { @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state, struct phys_vec *phys_vec, size_t nr_ranges, size_t size) { - unsigned int nents = 0; + size_t nents = 0; size_t i; if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) { @@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state, nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX); } + if (nents > UINT_MAX) + return 0; + return nents; } @@ -95,9 +98,10 @@ struct sg_table *dma_buf_phys_vec_to_sgt(struct dma_buf_attachment *attach, size_t nr_ranges, size_t size, enum dma_data_direction dir) { - unsigned int nents, mapped_len = 0; struct dma_buf_dma *dma; struct scatterlist *sgl; + size_t mapped_len = 0; + unsigned int nents; dma_addr_t addr; size_t i; int ret; -- 2.54.0.794.g4f17f83d09-goog

1 month, 3 weeks

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