From: James Morse james.morse@arm.com
commit 558c303c9734af5a813739cd284879227f7297d2 upstream.
Speculation attacks against some high-performance processors can make use of branch history to influence future speculation. When taking an exception from user-space, a sequence of branches or a firmware call overwrites or invalidates the branch history.
The sequence of branches is added to the vectors, and should appear before the first indirect branch. For systems using KPTI the sequence is added to the kpti trampoline where it has a free register as the exit from the trampoline is via a 'ret'. For systems not using KPTI, the same register tricks are used to free up a register in the vectors.
For the firmware call, arch-workaround-3 clobbers 4 registers, so there is no choice but to save them to the EL1 stack. This only happens for entry from EL0, so if we take an exception due to the stack access, it will not become re-entrant.
For KVM, the existing branch-predictor-hardening vectors are used. When a spectre version of these vectors is in use, the firmware call is sufficient to mitigate against Spectre-BHB. For the non-spectre versions, the sequence of branches is added to the indirect vector.
Reviewed-by: Catalin Marinas catalin.marinas@arm.com Signed-off-by: James Morse james.morse@arm.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman gregkh@linuxfoundation.org --- arch/arm64/Kconfig | 9 + arch/arm64/include/asm/assembler.h | 14 + arch/arm64/include/asm/cpufeature.h | 16 ++ arch/arm64/include/asm/cputype.h | 8 + arch/arm64/include/asm/spectre.h | 4 arch/arm64/include/asm/sysreg.h | 1 arch/arm64/include/asm/vectors.h | 5 arch/arm64/kernel/cpu_errata.c | 7 arch/arm64/kernel/image-vars.h | 3 arch/arm64/kernel/proton-pack.c | 278 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/hyp-entry.S | 8 + arch/arm64/tools/cpucaps | 1 12 files changed, 352 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
--- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig @@ -1395,6 +1395,15 @@ config UNMAP_KERNEL_AT_EL0
If unsure, say Y.
+config MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY + bool "Mitigate Spectre style attacks against branch history" if EXPERT + default y + help + Speculation attacks against some high-performance processors can + make use of branch history to influence future speculation. + When taking an exception from user-space, a sequence of branches + or a firmware call overwrites the branch history. + config RODATA_FULL_DEFAULT_ENABLED bool "Apply r/o permissions of VM areas also to their linear aliases" default y --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/assembler.h +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/assembler.h @@ -842,7 +842,9 @@ alternative_endif
.macro __mitigate_spectre_bhb_loop tmp #ifdef CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY - mov \tmp, #32 +alternative_cb spectre_bhb_patch_loop_iter + mov \tmp, #32 // Patched to correct the immediate +alternative_cb_end .Lspectre_bhb_loop@: b . + 4 subs \tmp, \tmp, #1 @@ -851,6 +853,16 @@ alternative_endif #endif /* CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY */ .endm
+ .macro mitigate_spectre_bhb_loop tmp +#ifdef CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY +alternative_cb spectre_bhb_patch_loop_mitigation_enable + b .L_spectre_bhb_loop_done@ // Patched to NOP +alternative_cb_end + __mitigate_spectre_bhb_loop \tmp +.L_spectre_bhb_loop_done@: +#endif /* CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY */ + .endm + /* Save/restores x0-x3 to the stack */ .macro __mitigate_spectre_bhb_fw #ifdef CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/cpufeature.h +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cpufeature.h @@ -637,6 +637,22 @@ static inline bool cpu_supports_mixed_en return id_aa64mmfr0_mixed_endian_el0(read_cpuid(ID_AA64MMFR0_EL1)); }
+ +static inline bool supports_csv2p3(int scope) +{ + u64 pfr0; + u8 csv2_val; + + if (scope == SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU) + pfr0 = read_sysreg_s(SYS_ID_AA64PFR0_EL1); + else + pfr0 = read_sanitised_ftr_reg(SYS_ID_AA64PFR0_EL1); + + csv2_val = cpuid_feature_extract_unsigned_field(pfr0, + ID_AA64PFR0_CSV2_SHIFT); + return csv2_val == 3; +} + const struct cpumask *system_32bit_el0_cpumask(void); DECLARE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(arm64_mismatched_32bit_el0);
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/cputype.h +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/cputype.h @@ -73,10 +73,14 @@ #define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A76 0xD0B #define ARM_CPU_PART_NEOVERSE_N1 0xD0C #define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A77 0xD0D +#define ARM_CPU_PART_NEOVERSE_V1 0xD40 +#define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A78 0xD41 +#define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_X1 0xD44 #define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A510 0xD46 #define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A710 0xD47 #define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_X2 0xD48 #define ARM_CPU_PART_NEOVERSE_N2 0xD49 +#define ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A78C 0xD4B
#define APM_CPU_PART_POTENZA 0x000
@@ -117,10 +121,14 @@ #define MIDR_CORTEX_A76 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A76) #define MIDR_NEOVERSE_N1 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_NEOVERSE_N1) #define MIDR_CORTEX_A77 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A77) +#define MIDR_NEOVERSE_V1 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_NEOVERSE_V1) +#define MIDR_CORTEX_A78 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A78) +#define MIDR_CORTEX_X1 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_X1) #define MIDR_CORTEX_A510 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A510) #define MIDR_CORTEX_A710 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A710) #define MIDR_CORTEX_X2 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_X2) #define MIDR_NEOVERSE_N2 MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_NEOVERSE_N2) +#define MIDR_CORTEX_A78C MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_ARM, ARM_CPU_PART_CORTEX_A78C) #define MIDR_THUNDERX MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_CAVIUM, CAVIUM_CPU_PART_THUNDERX) #define MIDR_THUNDERX_81XX MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_CAVIUM, CAVIUM_CPU_PART_THUNDERX_81XX) #define MIDR_THUNDERX_83XX MIDR_CPU_MODEL(ARM_CPU_IMP_CAVIUM, CAVIUM_CPU_PART_THUNDERX_83XX) --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/spectre.h +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/spectre.h @@ -94,6 +94,8 @@ void spectre_v4_enable_task_mitigation(s enum mitigation_state arm64_get_meltdown_state(void);
enum mitigation_state arm64_get_spectre_bhb_state(void); - +bool is_spectre_bhb_affected(const struct arm64_cpu_capabilities *entry, int scope); +u8 spectre_bhb_loop_affected(int scope); +void spectre_bhb_enable_mitigation(const struct arm64_cpu_capabilities *__unused); #endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */ #endif /* __ASM_SPECTRE_H */ --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/sysreg.h +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/sysreg.h @@ -904,6 +904,7 @@ #endif
/* id_aa64mmfr1 */ +#define ID_AA64MMFR1_ECBHB_SHIFT 60 #define ID_AA64MMFR1_AFP_SHIFT 44 #define ID_AA64MMFR1_ETS_SHIFT 36 #define ID_AA64MMFR1_TWED_SHIFT 32 --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/vectors.h +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/vectors.h @@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ enum arm64_bp_harden_el1_vectors { EL1_VECTOR_KPTI, };
+#ifndef CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY +#define EL1_VECTOR_BHB_LOOP -1 +#define EL1_VECTOR_BHB_FW -1 +#endif /* !CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY */ + /* The vectors to use on return from EL0. e.g. to remap the kernel */ DECLARE_PER_CPU_READ_MOSTLY(const char *, this_cpu_vector);
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/cpu_errata.c +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/cpu_errata.c @@ -502,6 +502,13 @@ const struct arm64_cpu_capabilities arm6 .matches = has_spectre_v4, .cpu_enable = spectre_v4_enable_mitigation, }, + { + .desc = "Spectre-BHB", + .capability = ARM64_SPECTRE_BHB, + .type = ARM64_CPUCAP_LOCAL_CPU_ERRATUM, + .matches = is_spectre_bhb_affected, + .cpu_enable = spectre_bhb_enable_mitigation, + }, #ifdef CONFIG_ARM64_ERRATUM_1418040 { .desc = "ARM erratum 1418040", --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/image-vars.h +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/image-vars.h @@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(kvm_patch_vector_branch); KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(kvm_update_va_mask); KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(kvm_get_kimage_voffset); KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(kvm_compute_final_ctr_el0); +KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(spectre_bhb_patch_loop_iter); +KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(spectre_bhb_patch_loop_mitigation_enable); +KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(spectre_bhb_patch_wa3);
/* Global kernel state accessed by nVHE hyp code. */ KVM_NVHE_ALIAS(kvm_vgic_global_state); --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/proton-pack.c +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/proton-pack.c @@ -24,9 +24,11 @@ #include <linux/prctl.h> #include <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
+#include <asm/debug-monitors.h> #include <asm/insn.h> #include <asm/spectre.h> #include <asm/traps.h> +#include <asm/vectors.h> #include <asm/virt.h>
/* @@ -796,6 +798,17 @@ int arch_prctl_spec_ctrl_get(struct task } }
+/* + * Spectre BHB. + * + * A CPU is either: + * - Mitigated by a branchy loop a CPU specific number of times, and listed + * in our "loop mitigated list". + * - Mitigated in software by the firmware Spectre v2 call. + * - Has the 'Exception Clears Branch History Buffer' (ECBHB) feature, so no + * software mitigation in the vectors is needed. + * - Has CSV2.3, so is unaffected. + */ static enum mitigation_state spectre_bhb_state;
enum mitigation_state arm64_get_spectre_bhb_state(void) @@ -803,12 +816,227 @@ enum mitigation_state arm64_get_spectre_ return spectre_bhb_state; }
+enum bhb_mitigation_bits { + BHB_LOOP, + BHB_FW, + BHB_HW, +}; +static unsigned long system_bhb_mitigations; + +/* + * This must be called with SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU for each type of CPU, before any + * SCOPE_SYSTEM call will give the right answer. + */ +u8 spectre_bhb_loop_affected(int scope) +{ + u8 k = 0; + static u8 max_bhb_k; + + if (scope == SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU) { + static const struct midr_range spectre_bhb_k32_list[] = { + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A78), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A78C), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_X1), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A710), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_X2), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_NEOVERSE_N2), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_NEOVERSE_V1), + {}, + }; + static const struct midr_range spectre_bhb_k24_list[] = { + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A76), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A77), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_NEOVERSE_N1), + {}, + }; + static const struct midr_range spectre_bhb_k8_list[] = { + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A72), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A57), + {}, + }; + + if (is_midr_in_range_list(read_cpuid_id(), spectre_bhb_k32_list)) + k = 32; + else if (is_midr_in_range_list(read_cpuid_id(), spectre_bhb_k24_list)) + k = 24; + else if (is_midr_in_range_list(read_cpuid_id(), spectre_bhb_k8_list)) + k = 8; + + max_bhb_k = max(max_bhb_k, k); + } else { + k = max_bhb_k; + } + + return k; +} + +static enum mitigation_state spectre_bhb_get_cpu_fw_mitigation_state(void) +{ + int ret; + struct arm_smccc_res res; + + arm_smccc_1_1_invoke(ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_FEATURES_FUNC_ID, + ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_3, &res); + + ret = res.a0; + switch (ret) { + case SMCCC_RET_SUCCESS: + return SPECTRE_MITIGATED; + case SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_RET_UNAFFECTED: + return SPECTRE_UNAFFECTED; + default: + fallthrough; + case SMCCC_RET_NOT_SUPPORTED: + return SPECTRE_VULNERABLE; + } +} + +static bool is_spectre_bhb_fw_affected(int scope) +{ + static bool system_affected; + enum mitigation_state fw_state; + bool has_smccc = arm_smccc_1_1_get_conduit() != SMCCC_CONDUIT_NONE; + static const struct midr_range spectre_bhb_firmware_mitigated_list[] = { + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A73), + MIDR_ALL_VERSIONS(MIDR_CORTEX_A75), + {}, + }; + bool cpu_in_list = is_midr_in_range_list(read_cpuid_id(), + spectre_bhb_firmware_mitigated_list); + + if (scope != SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU) + return system_affected; + + fw_state = spectre_bhb_get_cpu_fw_mitigation_state(); + if (cpu_in_list || (has_smccc && fw_state == SPECTRE_MITIGATED)) { + system_affected = true; + return true; + } + + return false; +} + +static bool supports_ecbhb(int scope) +{ + u64 mmfr1; + + if (scope == SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU) + mmfr1 = read_sysreg_s(SYS_ID_AA64MMFR1_EL1); + else + mmfr1 = read_sanitised_ftr_reg(SYS_ID_AA64MMFR1_EL1); + + return cpuid_feature_extract_unsigned_field(mmfr1, + ID_AA64MMFR1_ECBHB_SHIFT); +} + +bool is_spectre_bhb_affected(const struct arm64_cpu_capabilities *entry, + int scope) +{ + WARN_ON(scope != SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU || preemptible()); + + if (supports_csv2p3(scope)) + return false; + + if (spectre_bhb_loop_affected(scope)) + return true; + + if (is_spectre_bhb_fw_affected(scope)) + return true; + + return false; +} + +static void this_cpu_set_vectors(enum arm64_bp_harden_el1_vectors slot) +{ + const char *v = arm64_get_bp_hardening_vector(slot); + + if (slot < 0) + return; + + __this_cpu_write(this_cpu_vector, v); + + /* + * When KPTI is in use, the vectors are switched when exiting to + * user-space. + */ + if (arm64_kernel_unmapped_at_el0()) + return; + + write_sysreg(v, vbar_el1); + isb(); +} + +void spectre_bhb_enable_mitigation(const struct arm64_cpu_capabilities *entry) +{ + bp_hardening_cb_t cpu_cb; + enum mitigation_state fw_state, state = SPECTRE_VULNERABLE; + struct bp_hardening_data *data = this_cpu_ptr(&bp_hardening_data); + + if (!is_spectre_bhb_affected(entry, SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU)) + return; + + if (arm64_get_spectre_v2_state() == SPECTRE_VULNERABLE) { + /* No point mitigating Spectre-BHB alone. */ + } else if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY)) { + pr_info_once("spectre-bhb mitigation disabled by compile time option\n"); + } else if (cpu_mitigations_off()) { + pr_info_once("spectre-bhb mitigation disabled by command line option\n"); + } else if (supports_ecbhb(SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU)) { + state = SPECTRE_MITIGATED; + set_bit(BHB_HW, &system_bhb_mitigations); + } else if (spectre_bhb_loop_affected(SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU)) { + /* + * Ensure KVM uses the indirect vector which will have the + * branchy-loop added. A57/A72-r0 will already have selected + * the spectre-indirect vector, which is sufficient for BHB + * too. + */ + if (!data->slot) + data->slot = HYP_VECTOR_INDIRECT; + + this_cpu_set_vectors(EL1_VECTOR_BHB_LOOP); + state = SPECTRE_MITIGATED; + set_bit(BHB_LOOP, &system_bhb_mitigations); + } else if (is_spectre_bhb_fw_affected(SCOPE_LOCAL_CPU)) { + fw_state = spectre_bhb_get_cpu_fw_mitigation_state(); + if (fw_state == SPECTRE_MITIGATED) { + /* + * Ensure KVM uses one of the spectre bp_hardening + * vectors. The indirect vector doesn't include the EL3 + * call, so needs upgrading to + * HYP_VECTOR_SPECTRE_INDIRECT. + */ + if (!data->slot || data->slot == HYP_VECTOR_INDIRECT) + data->slot += 1; + + this_cpu_set_vectors(EL1_VECTOR_BHB_FW); + + /* + * The WA3 call in the vectors supersedes the WA1 call + * made during context-switch. Uninstall any firmware + * bp_hardening callback. + */ + cpu_cb = spectre_v2_get_sw_mitigation_cb(); + if (__this_cpu_read(bp_hardening_data.fn) != cpu_cb) + __this_cpu_write(bp_hardening_data.fn, NULL); + + state = SPECTRE_MITIGATED; + set_bit(BHB_FW, &system_bhb_mitigations); + } + } + + update_mitigation_state(&spectre_bhb_state, state); +} + /* Patched to NOP when enabled */ void noinstr spectre_bhb_patch_loop_mitigation_enable(struct alt_instr *alt, __le32 *origptr, __le32 *updptr, int nr_inst) { BUG_ON(nr_inst != 1); + + if (test_bit(BHB_LOOP, &system_bhb_mitigations)) + *updptr++ = cpu_to_le32(aarch64_insn_gen_nop()); }
/* Patched to NOP when enabled */ @@ -817,4 +1045,54 @@ void noinstr spectre_bhb_patch_fw_mitiga __le32 *updptr, int nr_inst) { BUG_ON(nr_inst != 1); + + if (test_bit(BHB_FW, &system_bhb_mitigations)) + *updptr++ = cpu_to_le32(aarch64_insn_gen_nop()); +} + +/* Patched to correct the immediate */ +void noinstr spectre_bhb_patch_loop_iter(struct alt_instr *alt, + __le32 *origptr, __le32 *updptr, int nr_inst) +{ + u8 rd; + u32 insn; + u16 loop_count = spectre_bhb_loop_affected(SCOPE_SYSTEM); + + BUG_ON(nr_inst != 1); /* MOV -> MOV */ + + if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY)) + return; + + insn = le32_to_cpu(*origptr); + rd = aarch64_insn_decode_register(AARCH64_INSN_REGTYPE_RD, insn); + insn = aarch64_insn_gen_movewide(rd, loop_count, 0, + AARCH64_INSN_VARIANT_64BIT, + AARCH64_INSN_MOVEWIDE_ZERO); + *updptr++ = cpu_to_le32(insn); +} + +/* Patched to mov WA3 when supported */ +void noinstr spectre_bhb_patch_wa3(struct alt_instr *alt, + __le32 *origptr, __le32 *updptr, int nr_inst) +{ + u8 rd; + u32 insn; + + BUG_ON(nr_inst != 1); /* MOV -> MOV */ + + if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY) || + !test_bit(BHB_FW, &system_bhb_mitigations)) + return; + + insn = le32_to_cpu(*origptr); + rd = aarch64_insn_decode_register(AARCH64_INSN_REGTYPE_RD, insn); + + insn = aarch64_insn_gen_logical_immediate(AARCH64_INSN_LOGIC_ORR, + AARCH64_INSN_VARIANT_32BIT, + AARCH64_INSN_REG_ZR, rd, + ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_3); + if (WARN_ON_ONCE(insn == AARCH64_BREAK_FAULT)) + return; + + *updptr++ = cpu_to_le32(insn); } --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/hyp-entry.S +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/hyp-entry.S @@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ el1_sync: // Guest trapped into EL2 /* ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_2 handling */ eor w1, w1, #(ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_1 ^ \ ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_2) + cbz w1, wa_epilogue + + eor w1, w1, #(ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_2 ^ \ + ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_3) cbnz w1, el1_trap
wa_epilogue: @@ -192,7 +196,10 @@ SYM_CODE_END(__kvm_hyp_vector) sub sp, sp, #(8 * 4) stp x2, x3, [sp, #(8 * 0)] stp x0, x1, [sp, #(8 * 2)] + alternative_cb spectre_bhb_patch_wa3 + /* Patched to mov WA3 when supported */ mov w0, #ARM_SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_1 + alternative_cb_end smc #0 ldp x2, x3, [sp, #(8 * 0)] add sp, sp, #(8 * 2) @@ -205,6 +212,7 @@ SYM_CODE_END(__kvm_hyp_vector) spectrev2_smccc_wa1_smc .else stp x0, x1, [sp, #-16]! + mitigate_spectre_bhb_loop x0 .endif .if \indirect != 0 alternative_cb kvm_patch_vector_branch --- a/arch/arm64/tools/cpucaps +++ b/arch/arm64/tools/cpucaps @@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ MTE_ASYMM SPECTRE_V2 SPECTRE_V3A SPECTRE_V4 +SPECTRE_BHB SSBS SVE UNMAP_KERNEL_AT_EL0