Re: [RFC PATCH 2/2] KVM: selftests: Add a test for kvm page table code

Yanan Wang wangyanan55@huawei.com writes:

This test serves as a performance tester and a bug reproducer for kvm page table code (GPA->HPA mappings), so it gives guidance for people trying to make some improvement for kvm.

The function guest_code() is designed to cover conditions where a single vcpu or multiple vcpus access guest pages within the same memory range, in three VM stages(before dirty-logging, during dirty-logging, after dirty-logging). Besides, the backing source memory type(ANONYMOUS/THP/HUGETLB) of the tested memory region can be specified by users, which means normal page mappings or block mappings can be chosen by users to be created in the test.

If use of ANONYMOUS memory is specified, kvm will create page mappings for the tested memory region before dirty-logging, and update attributes of the page mappings from RO to RW during dirty-logging. If use of THP/HUGETLB memory is specified, kvm will create block mappings for the tested memory region before dirty-logging, and split the blcok mappings into page mappings during dirty-logging, and coalesce the page mappings back into block mappings after dirty-logging is stopped.

So in summary, as a performance tester, this test can present the performance of kvm creating/updating normal page mappings, or the performance of kvm creating/splitting/recovering block mappings, through execution time.

When we need to coalesce the page mappings back to block mappings after dirty logging is stopped, we have to firstly invalidate *all* the TLB entries for the page mappings right before installation of the block entry, because a TLB conflict abort error could occur if we can't invalidate the TLB entries fully. We have hit this TLB conflict twice on aarch64 software implementation and fixed it. As this test can imulate process from dirty-logging enabled to dirty-logging stopped of a VM with block mappings, so it can also reproduce this TLB conflict abort due to inadequate TLB invalidation when coalescing tables.

Signed-off-by: Yanan Wang wangyanan55@huawei.com

This looks like a really useful thing, thanks! A few nitpicks below.

---

tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile | 3 + .../selftests/kvm/kvm_page_table_test.c | 518 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 521 insertions(+) create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/kvm/kvm_page_table_test.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile index fe41c6a0fa67..697318019bd4 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile @@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += x86_64/tsc_msrs_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += demand_paging_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += dirty_log_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += dirty_log_perf_test +TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += kvm_page_table_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += kvm_create_max_vcpus TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += set_memory_region_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_x86_64 += steal_time @@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += aarch64/get-reg-list-sve TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += demand_paging_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += dirty_log_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += dirty_log_perf_test +TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += kvm_page_table_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += kvm_create_max_vcpus TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += set_memory_region_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_aarch64 += steal_time @@ -80,6 +82,7 @@ TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += s390x/resets TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += s390x/sync_regs_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += demand_paging_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += dirty_log_test +TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += kvm_page_table_test TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += kvm_create_max_vcpus TEST_GEN_PROGS_s390x += set_memory_region_test diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/kvm_page_table_test.c b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/kvm_page_table_test.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..b09c05288937 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/kvm_page_table_test.c @@ -0,0 +1,518 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/*

• • KVM page table test
• • Based on dirty_log_test.c
• • Based on dirty_log_perf_test.c
• • Copyright (C) 2018, Red Hat, Inc.
• • Copyright (C) 2020, Google, Inc.
• • Copyright (C) 2021, Huawei, Inc.

[Paolo's call but] I think we can drop 'based on .. ' and all but the last copyright notices as I don't quite see what value this gives. Yes, when a new test is implemented we use something else as a template but these are just tests after all.

• • Make sure that enough THP/HUGETLB pages have been allocated on systems
• • to cover the testing memory region before running this program, if you
• • wish to create block mappings in this test.
• */

+#define _GNU_SOURCE /* for program_invocation_name */

+#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <time.h> +#include <pthread.h>

+#include "test_util.h" +#include "kvm_util.h" +#include "processor.h" +#include "guest_modes.h"

+#define TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX 1

+/* Default size(1GB) of the memory for testing */ +#define DEFAULT_TEST_MEM_SIZE (1 << 30)

+/* Default guest test virtual memory offset */ +#define DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM 0xc0000000

+/* Different memory accessing types for a vcpu */ +enum access_type {

• ACCESS_TYPE_READ,
• ACCESS_TYPE_WRITE,
• NUM_ACCESS_TYPES,

+};

+/* Different memory accessing stages for a vcpu */ +enum test_stage {

• KVM_CREATE_MAPPINGS,
• KVM_UPDATE_MAPPINGS,
• KVM_ADJUST_MAPPINGS,
• KVM_BEFORE_MAPPINGS,
• NUM_TEST_STAGES,

+};

+static const char * const access_type_string[] = {

• "ACCESS_TYPE_READ ",

^^^ extra space

• "ACCESS_TYPE_WRITE",

+};

+static const char * const test_stage_string[] = {

• "KVM_CREATE_MAPPINGS",
• "KVM_UPDATE_MAPPINGS",
• "KVM_ADJUST_MAPPINGS",
• "KVM_BEFORE_MAPPINGS",

+};

It would probably be possible to drop 'test_stage/access_type' enums and just use something like for (i = 0; i < sizeof(test_stage_string); i++) ...

for test stage and just a simple boolean for distinguishing read/write access.

+struct perf_test_vcpu_args {

• int vcpu_id;
• enum access_type vcpu_access_type;

+};

+struct perf_test_args {

• struct kvm_vm *vm;
• uint64_t guest_test_virt_mem;
• uint64_t host_page_size;
• uint64_t host_num_pages;
• uint64_t block_page_size;
• uint64_t block_num_pages;
• uint64_t host_pages_perblock;
• enum vm_mem_backing_src_type backing_src_type;
• struct perf_test_vcpu_args vcpu_args[KVM_MAX_VCPUS];

+};

+/*

• • Guest variables. Use addr_gva2hva() if these variables need
• • to be changed in host.
• */

+static enum test_stage guest_test_stage;

+/* Host variables */ +static uint32_t nr_vcpus = 1; +static struct perf_test_args perf_test_args; +static enum test_stage *current_stage; +static enum test_stage vcpu_last_completed_stage[KVM_MAX_VCPUS]; +static bool host_quit;

+/*

• • Guest physical memory offset of the testing memory slot.
• • This will be set to the topmost valid physical address minus
• • the test memory size.
• */

+static uint64_t guest_test_phys_mem;

+/*

• • Guest virtual memory offset of the testing memory slot.
• • Must not conflict with identity mapped test code.
• */

+static uint64_t guest_test_virt_mem = DEFAULT_GUEST_TEST_MEM;

+static void guest_code(int vcpu_id) +{

• struct perf_test_vcpu_args *vcpu_args = &perf_test_args.vcpu_args[vcpu_id];
• enum vm_mem_backing_src_type src_type = perf_test_args.backing_src_type;
• uint64_t host_page_size = perf_test_args.host_page_size;
• uint64_t host_num_pages = perf_test_args.host_num_pages;
• uint64_t block_page_size = perf_test_args.block_page_size;
• uint64_t block_num_pages = perf_test_args.block_num_pages;
• uint64_t host_pages_perblock = perf_test_args.host_pages_perblock;
• uint64_t half = host_pages_perblock / 2;
• enum access_type vcpu_access_type;
• enum test_stage stage;
• uint64_t addr;
• int i, j;
• /* Make sure vCPU args data structure is not corrupt */
• GUEST_ASSERT(vcpu_args->vcpu_id == vcpu_id);
• vcpu_access_type = vcpu_args->vcpu_access_type;
• while (true) {

• stage = READ_ONCE(guest_test_stage);
  

• addr = perf_test_args.guest_test_virt_mem;
  

• switch (stage) {
  

• /*
  

•  * Before dirty-logging, vCPUs concurrently access the first
  

•  * 8 bytes of pages within the same memory range with different
  

•  * and random access types(read or write). Then KVM will create
  

•  * mappings for them (page mappings or block mappings).
  

•  */
  

• case KVM_CREATE_MAPPINGS:
  

• 	for (i = 0; i < block_num_pages; i++) {
  

• 		if (vcpu_access_type == ACCESS_TYPE_READ)
  

• 			READ_ONCE(*(uint64_t *)addr);
  

• 		else
  

• 			*(uint64_t *)addr = 0x0123456789ABCDEF;
  

• 		addr += block_page_size;
  

• 	}
  

• 	break;
  

• /*
  

•  * During dirty-logging, KVM will only update attributes of the
  

•  * normal page mappings from RO to RW if backing source type is
  

•  * anonymous, and will split the block mappings into normal page
  

•  * mappings if backing source type is THP or HUGETLB.
  

•  */
  

• case KVM_UPDATE_MAPPINGS:
  

• 	if (src_type == VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS) {
  

• 		for (i = 0; i < host_num_pages; i++) {
  

• 			*(uint64_t *)addr = 0x0123456789ABCDEF;
  

• 			addr += host_page_size;
  

• 		}
  

• 		break;
  

• 	}
  

• 	for (i = 0; i < block_num_pages; i++) {
  

• 		/* Write to the first host page of each block */
  

• 		*(uint64_t *)addr = 0x0123456789ABCDEF;
  

• 		/* Create half new page mappings for each block */
  

• 		addr += host_page_size * half;
  

• 		for (j = half; j < host_pages_perblock; j++) {
  

• 			READ_ONCE(*(uint64_t *)addr);
  

• 			addr += host_page_size;
  

• 		}
  

• 	}
  

• 	break;
  

• /*
  

•  * After dirty-logging is stopped, vCPUs concurrently read from
  

•  * every single host page. Then KVM will coalesce the splitted
  

•  * page mappings back to block mappings. And a TLB conflict abort
  

•  * could occur here if TLB entries of the page mappings are not
  

•  * fully invalidated.
  

•  */
  

• case KVM_ADJUST_MAPPINGS:
  

• 	for (i = 0; i < host_num_pages; i++) {
  

• 		READ_ONCE(*(uint64_t *)addr);
  

• 		addr += host_page_size;
  

• 	}
  

• 	break;
  

• default:
  

• 	break;
  

• }
  

• GUEST_SYNC(1);
  

• }

+}

+static void *vcpu_worker(void *data) +{

• int ret;
• struct perf_test_vcpu_args *vcpu_args = data;
• struct kvm_vm *vm = perf_test_args.vm;
• int vcpu_id = vcpu_args->vcpu_id;
• struct kvm_run *run;
• struct timespec start;
• struct timespec ts_diff;
• enum test_stage stage;
• vcpu_args_set(vm, vcpu_id, 1, vcpu_id);
• run = vcpu_state(vm, vcpu_id);
• while (!READ_ONCE(host_quit)) {

• clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
  

CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW maybe to avoid NTP corrections? (here and below)

• ret = _vcpu_run(vm, vcpu_id);
  

• ts_diff = timespec_diff_now(start);
  

• TEST_ASSERT(ret == 0, "vcpu_run failed: %d\n", ret);
  

• TEST_ASSERT(get_ucall(vm, vcpu_id, NULL) == UCALL_SYNC,
  

• 	    "Invalid guest sync status: exit_reason=%s\n",
  

• 	    exit_reason_str(run->exit_reason));
  

• pr_debug("Got sync event from vCPU %d\n", vcpu_id);
  

• stage = READ_ONCE(*current_stage);
  

• vcpu_last_completed_stage[vcpu_id] = stage;
  

• pr_debug("vCPU %d has completed stage %s\n"
  

• 	 "execution time is: %ld.%.9lds\n\n",
  

• 	 vcpu_id, test_stage_string[stage],
  

• 	 ts_diff.tv_sec, ts_diff.tv_nsec);
  

• while (stage == READ_ONCE(*current_stage) &&
  

•        !READ_ONCE(host_quit)) {}
  

• }
• return NULL;

+}

+struct test_params {

• enum vm_mem_backing_src_type backing_src_type;
• uint64_t backing_src_granule;
• uint64_t test_mem_size;
• uint64_t phys_offset;

+};

+static struct kvm_vm *pre_init_before_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, void *arg) +{

• struct test_params *p = arg;
• struct perf_test_vcpu_args *vcpu_args;
• uint64_t guest_page_size, guest_num_pages, host_page_size;
• uint64_t block_page_size = p->backing_src_granule;
• uint64_t test_mem_size = p->test_mem_size, test_num_pages;
• void * host_test_mem;
• struct kvm_vm *vm;
• int vcpu_id;
• guest_page_size = vm_guest_mode_params[mode].page_size;
• host_page_size = getpagesize();
• /*

• * Ensure that testing memory size is aligned to guest page size,
  

• * host page size and block page size, and that block page size
  

• * is aligned to host page size.
  

• */
  

• TEST_ASSERT(test_mem_size % guest_page_size == 0,

•     "Testing memory size is not guest page size aligned.");
  

• TEST_ASSERT(test_mem_size % block_page_size == 0,

•     "Testing memory size is not block page size aligned.");
  

• TEST_ASSERT(block_page_size % host_page_size == 0,

•     "Block page size is not host page size aligned.");
  

• guest_num_pages = test_mem_size / guest_page_size;
• test_num_pages = test_mem_size / MIN_PAGE_SIZE;
• vm = vm_create_with_vcpus(mode, nr_vcpus, test_num_pages, 0, guest_code, NULL);
• if (!p->phys_offset) {

• guest_test_phys_mem = (vm_get_max_gfn(vm) -
  

• 		       guest_num_pages) * guest_page_size;
  

• guest_test_phys_mem &= ~(block_page_size - 1);
  

• } else {

• guest_test_phys_mem = p->phys_offset;
  

• }
• /*

• * Ensure that guest physical offset of the testing memory slot is
  

• * block page size aligned, so that block mappings can be created
  

• * successfully by KVM.
  

• */
  

• TEST_ASSERT(guest_test_phys_mem % block_page_size == 0,

•     "Guest physical offset is not block page size aligned.");
  

+#ifdef __s390x__

• /* Align to 1M (segment size) */
• guest_test_phys_mem &= ~((1 << 20) - 1);

+#endif

• /* Set up the shared data structure perf_test_args */
• perf_test_args.vm = vm;
• perf_test_args.guest_test_virt_mem = guest_test_virt_mem;
• perf_test_args.host_page_size = host_page_size;
• perf_test_args.host_num_pages = test_mem_size / host_page_size;
• perf_test_args.block_page_size = block_page_size;
• perf_test_args.block_num_pages = test_mem_size / block_page_size;
• perf_test_args.host_pages_perblock = block_page_size / host_page_size;
• perf_test_args.backing_src_type = p->backing_src_type;
• for(vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < KVM_MAX_VCPUS; vcpu_id++) {

• vcpu_args = &perf_test_args.vcpu_args[vcpu_id];
  

• vcpu_args->vcpu_id = vcpu_id;
  

• vcpu_args->vcpu_access_type = random() % NUM_ACCESS_TYPES;
  

I would've avoided using random here so that testing results are more stable. I.e. with a small number of vCPUs (say: 2) it may really make a difference if this will turn out being 'read'/'read' or 'read'/'write'. Would it be OK if we just do

vcpu_args->vcpu_access_type = vcpu_id % NUM_ACCESS_TYPES;

instead?

• pr_debug("Set access type of vCPU %d as %s\n",
  

• 	 access_type_string[vcpu_args->vcpu_access_type]);
  

• vcpu_last_completed_stage[vcpu_id] = NUM_TEST_STAGES;
  

• }
• /* Add an extra memory slot with specified backing source type */
• vm_userspace_mem_region_add(vm, p->backing_src_type,

• 		    guest_test_phys_mem,
  

• 		    TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX,
  

• 		    guest_num_pages, 0);
  

• /* Do mapping for the testing memory slot */
• virt_map(vm, guest_test_virt_mem, guest_test_phys_mem, guest_num_pages, 0);
• /* Cache the HVA pointer of the region */
• host_test_mem = addr_gpa2hva(vm, (vm_paddr_t)guest_test_phys_mem);
• /* Export shared structure perf_test_args to guest */
• ucall_init(vm, NULL);
• sync_global_to_guest(vm, perf_test_args);
• current_stage = addr_gva2hva(vm, (vm_vaddr_t)(&guest_test_stage));
• *current_stage = NUM_TEST_STAGES;
• pr_info("Testing guest mode: %s\n", vm_guest_mode_string(mode));
• pr_info("Testing backing source type: %s\n",

• vm_mem_backing_src_type_string(p->backing_src_type));
  

• pr_info("Testing backing source granule: 0x%lx\n", block_page_size);
• pr_info("Testing memory size: 0x%lx\n", test_mem_size);
• pr_info("Guest physical test memory offset: 0x%lx\n",

• guest_test_phys_mem);
  

• pr_info("Host virtual test memory offset: 0x%lx\n",

• (uint64_t)host_test_mem);
  

• pr_info("Number of testing vCPUs: %d\n", nr_vcpus);
• return vm;

+}

+static void run_test(enum vm_guest_mode mode, void *arg) +{

• pthread_t *vcpu_threads;
• struct kvm_vm *vm;
• int vcpu_id;
• enum test_stage stage;
• struct timespec start;
• struct timespec ts_diff;
• /* Create VM with vCPUs and make some pre-initialization */
• vm = pre_init_before_test(mode, arg);
• vcpu_threads = malloc(nr_vcpus * sizeof(*vcpu_threads));
• TEST_ASSERT(vcpu_threads, "Memory allocation failed");
• host_quit = false;
• stage = KVM_BEFORE_MAPPINGS;
• *current_stage = stage;
• for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < nr_vcpus; vcpu_id++) {

• pthread_create(&vcpu_threads[vcpu_id], NULL, vcpu_worker,
  

• 	       &perf_test_args.vcpu_args[vcpu_id]);
  

• }
• for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < nr_vcpus; vcpu_id++) {

• while (READ_ONCE(vcpu_last_completed_stage[vcpu_id]) != stage)
  

• 	pr_debug("Waiting for vCPU %d to complete stage %s\n",
  

• 		 vcpu_id, test_stage_string[stage]);
  

• }
• pr_info("Started all vCPUs successfully\n");
• /* Test the stage of KVM creating mappings */
• clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
• stage = KVM_CREATE_MAPPINGS;
• *current_stage = stage;
• for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < nr_vcpus; vcpu_id++) {

• while (READ_ONCE(vcpu_last_completed_stage[vcpu_id]) != stage)
  

• 	pr_debug("Waiting for vCPU %d to complete stage %s\n",
  

• 		 vcpu_id, test_stage_string[stage]);
  

• }
• ts_diff = timespec_diff_now(start);
• pr_info("KVM_CREATE_MAPPINGS: total execution time: %ld.%.9lds\n\n",

• ts_diff.tv_sec, ts_diff.tv_nsec);
  

• /* Test the stage of KVM updating mappings */
• vm_mem_region_set_flags(vm, TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX, KVM_MEM_LOG_DIRTY_PAGES);
• clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
• stage = KVM_UPDATE_MAPPINGS;
• *current_stage = stage;
• for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < nr_vcpus; vcpu_id++) {

• while (READ_ONCE(vcpu_last_completed_stage[vcpu_id]) != stage)
  

• 	pr_debug("Waiting for vCPU %d to complete stage %s\n",
  

• 		 vcpu_id, test_stage_string[stage]);
  

• }
• ts_diff = timespec_diff_now(start);
• pr_info("KVM_UPDATE_MAPPINGS: total execution time: %ld.%.9lds\n\n",

• ts_diff.tv_sec, ts_diff.tv_nsec);
  

• /* Test the stage of KVM adjusting mappings */
• vm_mem_region_set_flags(vm, TEST_MEM_SLOT_INDEX, 0);
• clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
• stage = KVM_ADJUST_MAPPINGS;
• *current_stage = stage;
• for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < nr_vcpus; vcpu_id++) {

• while (READ_ONCE(vcpu_last_completed_stage[vcpu_id]) != stage)
  

• 	pr_debug("Waiting for vCPU %d to complete stage %s\n",
  

• 		 vcpu_id, test_stage_string[stage]);
  

• }
• ts_diff = timespec_diff_now(start);
• pr_info("KVM_ADJUST_MAPPINGS: total execution time: %ld.%.9lds\n\n",

• ts_diff.tv_sec, ts_diff.tv_nsec);
  

• /* Tell the vcpu thread to quit */
• host_quit = true;
• for (vcpu_id = 0; vcpu_id < nr_vcpus; vcpu_id++)

• pthread_join(vcpu_threads[vcpu_id], NULL);
  

• free(vcpu_threads);
• ucall_uninit(vm);
• kvm_vm_free(vm);

+}

+static void vm_mem_backing_src_types_help(void) +{

• int i;
• printf(" -t: specify backing source type of the testing memory region\n"

•       "     (default: VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS)\n"
  

•       "     Backing source type IDs:\n");
  

• for (i = 0; i < NUM_VM_BACKING_SRC_TYPES; i++)

• printf("         %d:    %s\n", i,  vm_mem_backing_src_type_string(i));
  

+}

+static void help(char *name) +{

• puts("");
• printf("usage: %s [-h] [-m mode] [-t type] [-g granule] [-p offset] "

•       "[-s size] [-v vcpus]\n", name);
  

• puts("");
• guest_modes_help();
• vm_mem_backing_src_types_help();
• printf(" -g: specify granule of the backing source pages. e.g. 2M or 1G.\n"

•       "     (default: host page size)\n");
  

• printf(" -p: specify guest physical test memory offset\n"

•       "     must be aligned to granule of the backing source pages.\n"
  

•       "     Warning: a low offset can conflict with the loaded test code.\n");
  

• printf(" -s: specify size of the memory region for testing. e.g. 10M or 3G.\n"

•       "     must be aligned to granule of the backing source pages.\n"
  

•       "     (default: 1G)\n");
  

• printf(" -v: specify the number of vCPUs to run\n"

•       "     (default: 1)\n");
  

• puts("");
• exit(0);

+}

+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{

• int max_vcpus = kvm_check_cap(KVM_CAP_MAX_VCPUS);
• struct test_params p = {

• .backing_src_type = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS,
  

• .backing_src_granule = getpagesize(),
  

• .test_mem_size = DEFAULT_TEST_MEM_SIZE,
  

• };
• int opt, type;
• guest_modes_append_default();
• while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "hm:t:g:p:s:v:")) != -1) {

• switch (opt) {
  

• case 'm':
  

• 	guest_modes_cmdline(optarg);
  

• 	break;
  

• case 't':
  

• 	type = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
  

• 	TEST_ASSERT(type < NUM_VM_BACKING_SRC_TYPES,
  

• 		    "Backing source type ID %d too big", type);
  

• 	p.backing_src_type = type;
  

• 	break;
  

• case 'g':
  

• 	p.backing_src_granule = parse_size(optarg);
  

• 	break;
  

• case 'p':
  

• 	p.phys_offset = strtoull(optarg, NULL, 0);
  

• 	break;
  

• case 's':
  

• 	p.test_mem_size = parse_size(optarg);
  

• 	break;
  

• case 'v':
  

• 	nr_vcpus = atoi(optarg);
  

• 	TEST_ASSERT(nr_vcpus > 0 && nr_vcpus <= max_vcpus,
  

• 		    "Invalid number of vcpus, must be between 1 and %d", max_vcpus);
  

• 	break;
  

• case 'h':
  

• default:
  

• 	help(argv[0]);
  

• 	break;
  

• }
  

• }
• for_each_guest_mode(run_test, &p);
• return 0;

+}