Hi,
libunwind:
* improvements in case the user doesn't use ARM unwind tables but DWARF info
* code used to pick ARM unwind from the crt files which says "cantunwind"
android:
* upgraded working base to 11.08
* continue to port libunwind to android
* noticed a header file clash that causes errors
* finished an android app that uses a native part to crash the process
* as a vehicle to test the modified debuggerd
Regards
Ken
== GDB ==
* Russell King now wants to revert my kernel patch that
fixed #615974; discussed alternative options.
== GCC ==
* Patch review week.
* Analyzed root cause of ICE when building Linux kernel
with mainline GCC (reported by Arnd).
Mit freundlichen Gruessen / Best Regards
Ulrich Weigand
--
Dr. Ulrich Weigand | Phone: +49-7031/16-3727
STSM, GNU compiler and toolchain for Linux on System z and Cell/B.E.
IBM Deutschland Research & Development GmbH
Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrats: Martin Jetter | Geschäftsführung: Dirk
Wittkopp
Sitz der Gesellschaft: Böblingen | Registergericht: Amtsgericht
Stuttgart, HRB 243294
== QEmu ==
* Sent 64bit atomic helper fix upstream
* Basic boot time and simple benchmarks v Panda board
* Tested prebuilt images and Peter's latest post-merge QEmu tree
- The full Ubuntu desktop on an emulated Overo is a bit slow -
it's rather short on RAM
- The full Ubuntu desktop on an emulated VExpress isn't bad; it's
got the full 1G; (with particularly grim
line of awk to mount vexpress images based on Peter's
suggestion of the use of 'file')
== String routines ==
* Pushed memcpy and memset up to cortex-strings bzr
* Working through memset issue with Michael
- Made my code a little less sensitive to initial alignment
== Hard float ==
* Testing libffi 3.0.11rc1 - still hasn't got variadic patch in, but
hopeing it will land later in the cycle.
== Other ==
* Excavating inbox after week off.
* Build LMbench and kicked run off on Panda. (Got stuck in some
heuristics under emulation)
Dave
== This week ==
* Looked at the get_arm_condition_code ICE. Seems to be a popular bug:
was reported as #589887 #823708 and #809761 in Lauchpad and as PR49030
in bugzilla. Sent a patch upstream.
* Submitted SMS register-dependency patch upstream.
* Reviewed Bernd's new shrink-wrap patch.
* Tried to clean up my microbenchmarks. Found that preloading the caches
at the start of the benchmark fixed the variations I was seeing on a
Beagleboard. (As Dave says, it seems that there's no allocation
on write.) Added code to check the results of each loop. Packaged
it up and pushed into bzr.
* An IBM colleague kindly tried my -fsched-pressure patch/hack
on s390. Although it performed the best of the three runs
(trunk, -fsched-pressure, patch+-fsched-pressure), there were
some disappointing outliers. -fsched-pressure still introduces a 7%
regression in one test (down from a 14% regression without the patch).
Another test benefited from -fsched-pressure without my patch but
regressed with it.
== Next week ==
* Look more at SMS.
* Look more at the sched-pressure thing (if I get time).
Richard
* SPEC2K week. Experimented with building and running and finally did a full
run on the Panda board.
* Running SPEC2K on the Snowball board as well. It is troublesome to work
with the board because of the ethernet problem that makes the board freeze
after some time. I have to use the SD-card for file transfer. It seems to be
a known issue on the Snowball V3. Tested a V5 board which was much more
stable. Have asked for a V5 board from ST-E Linaro internal project manager.
(Do not know when I will get it.)
* Preliminary travel booking done for Linaro Connect in Orlando.
Best Regards
Åsa
I've tried to clean up the libav microbenchmarks that I did for the strided
load/store stuff. They're on Launchpad at:
lp:~rsandifo/+junk/loop-microbenchmarks
The main changes are that the benchmarks now preload the caches (for CPUs
that don't allocate on write) and that they now check the optimised loop
against an unoptimised one.
The usual big caveat applies: these loops were chosen because they were
affected by strided load/stores. They aren't necessarily interesting
for any other reason, and some were even explicitly marked as cold.
I'm going to add some of the video decode routines from Michael's
benchmark soon. These microbenchmarks aren't supposed to be
libav-specific though, so if you have other interesting ones,
please do add them.
Richard
Trip report: KVM Forum/LinuxCon NA 2011
KVM Forum is an annual conference; this year it was colocated with
LinuxCon NA in Vancouver. There were about 150 attendees; many of them
are simply users of KVM and so many of the talks are aimed at KVM
users. However it's also an opportunity for the KVM and QEMU developer
community to get together, with a number of informal BoF sessions and
an all-day hackathon later in the week.
The talk schedule is here, together with the slides for all talks:
http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/KVM_Forum_2011
Some brief highlights:
* Keynotes
ARM/Linaro got positive mentions in both keynotes; Avi Kivity said of
the ARM/A15 KVM work that he had "every reason to expect it to be very
successful". Anthony Liguori's keynote summarising the year in QEMU
development included some statistics about commits: Linaro came third
in the list of "companies with most commits", behind only Red Hat and
IBM; I came top of the "individual authors with most commits" list,
being apparently responsible for 7% of all QEMU patches this year :-)
* KVM on POWER/PPC
There were several talks about KVM on PPC architectures; interestingly
this is seeing use not just on the server end but also in the
embedded/realtime space (including a talk from Freescale where they
said they are working on KVM on embedded PPC because of customer
demand for KVM). It was also reassuring to see that another
architecture has preceded us in shaking out x86-isms from KVM.
* KVM Tool
This has got headlines recently as a potential replacement for the
userspace launcher/device model role which QEMU currently plays when
starting guest OSes under KVM. It's intended to be minimal and
lightweight and only to run Linux guests (with paravirtualised devices
for most purposes). The general reaction seemed to be that although
the implementation is currently minimal it will become larger and
bloatier as they add features off their wishlist. There's also some
ill-feeling about the effective namespace grab of calling the
userspace binary "kvm". From an ARM-centric point of view we can just
wait and see whether it gets much traction. Possibly it may turn into
a testbed for technology which is easier to develop on than the
'mature' QEMU which has to deal with backwards compatibility and
supporting users.
* QEMU Object Model and Device Model issues and redesign
For me one of the most important strands of conversation at the
conference was replacing QEMU's device model abstraction with
something better. QEMU's current device model abstraction is "qdev";
this is the (vaguely object-oriented) framework which lets you create
devices, configure them and connect them together. It models the world
as a tree: a root device exposes a bus, to which child devices can
connect; those child devices may expose further buses, and so on.
This works quite well in the PC world where mostly you're interested
in plugging in USB devices, PCI cards, etc; it is rather less well
matched to the embedded board models where things are much less
hierarchical. qdev's major flaws include:
+ insists on bus hierarchy, but not everything is a bus, and in any
case there are often several trees (memory transactions, clock,
interrupts) which don't necessarily coincide
+ no support for composition ("device foo is actually devices bar
and baz glued into one box")
+ just barely supports having devices expose signal (gpio/irq) lines
and memory regions (typically registers), but doesn't let you give
them useful names, so you have to access them by index number
We spent just about all of Thursday's hacking session going through
this. I felt we got good agreement on the problems, and perhaps
80-90% agreement on Anthony Liguori's proposed new QEMU Object Model
as a solution to them; some loose ends still need to be worked
through.
* LinuxCon NA
KVM Forum was colocated with LinuxCon NA this year. My opinion (which
seemed to be shared with the other Linaro attendees I talked to about it)
was that LinuxCon NA suffered from being not very technical and not
very focused -- it wasn't clear to me who they thought their target
audience was. A few points of interest:
+ Linus Torvalds' keynote was reported in some places as more
complaints about ARM hardware but I actually thought it was pretty
positive about the progress we're making in sorting out the issues
+ Matthew Garrett's talk about x86 platform drivers (those things that
deal with LEDs, funny keys, batteries and other odd laptop hardware)
revealed that actually PC hardware manufacturers do just as much
random non-standard undocumented silliness, it's just that accident
of history has limited them to only doing so in the minor bits at
the edges...
-- PMM
Hello Ulrich (or anyone else acquainted with gdb),
Could the gdb test suite be run on a kernel with the below patch applied
please? A confirmation that this patch doesn't regress gdb is required
before this can move ahead. Quick feedback would be greatly
appreciated.
Thanks.
---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2011 15:55:58 +0100
From: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux(a)arm.linux.org.uk>
To: Tejun Heo <tj(a)kernel.org>, Arnd Bergmann <arnd(a)arndb.de>,
Mark Brown <broonie(a)opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw(a)sisk.pl>, linux-kernel(a)vger.kernel.org,
linux-arm-kernel(a)lists.infradead.org
Subject: Re: try_to_freeze() called with IRQs disabled on ARM
On Thu, Aug 25, 2011 at 03:09:07PM +0200, Tejun Heo wrote:
> Hey, Russell.
>
> If you can fix it properly without going through temporary step,
> that's awesome. Let's put the arguments behind, okay?
Here's the patch. As the kernel I've run this against doesn't have the
change to try_to_freeze(), I added a might_sleep() in do_signal() during
my testing to verify that it fixes Mark's problem (which it does.)
I've tested functions returning -ERESTARTSYS, -ERESTARTNOHAND and
-ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK, all of which seem to behave as expected with
signals such as SIGCONT (without handler) and SIGALRM (with handler).
I haven't tested -ERESTARTNOINTR.
I don't have a test case for the race condition I mentioned (which is
admittedly pretty difficult to construct, requiring an explicit
signal, schedule, signal sequence) but this should plug that too.
How do we achieve this? Effectively the steps in this patch are:
1. Undo Arnd's fixups to the syscall restart processing (but don't worry,
we restore it in step 3).
2. Introduce TIF_SYS_RESTART, which is set when we enter signal handling
and the syscall has returned one of the restart codes. This is used
as a flag to indicate that we have some syscall restart processing to
do at some point.
3. Clear TIF_SYS_RESTART whenever ptrace is used to set the GP registers
(thereby restoring Arnd's fixup for his gdb testsuite problem - it
would be good if Arnd could reconfirm that.)
4. When we setup a user handler to run, check TIF_SYS_RESTART and clear it.
If it was set, we need to set things up to return -EINTR or restart the
syscall as appropriate. As we've cleared it, no further restart
processing will occur.
5. Once we've run all work (signal delivery, and rescheduling events), and
we're about to return to userspace, make a final check for TIF_SYS_RESTART.
If it's still set, then we're returning to userspace having not setup
any user handlers, and we need to restart the syscall. This is mostly
trivial, except for OABI restartblock which requires the user stack to
be written. We have to re-enable IRQs for this write, which means we
have to manually re-check for rescheduling events, abort the restart,
and try again later.
One of the side effects of reverting Arnd's patch is that we restore the
strace behaviour which we've had for years on ARM, and can still be seen
on x86: strace can see the -ERESTART return codes from the kernel syscalls,
rather than what seems to be the signal number:
Before:
rt_sigsuspend([] <unfinished ...>
--- SIGIO (I/O possible) ---
<... rt_sigsuspend resumed> ) = 29
sigreturn() = ? (mask now [])
vs:
rt_sigsuspend([]) = ? ERESTARTNOHAND (To be restarted)
--- SIGIO (I/O possible) @ 0 (0) ---
sigreturn() = ? (mask now [])
x86:
rt_sigsuspend([]) = ? ERESTARTNOHAND (To be restarted)
--- {si_signo=SIGIO, si_code=SI_USER} (I/O possible) ---
sigreturn() = ? (mask now [])
So, this patch should fix:
1. The race which I identified in the signal handling code (I think x86
and other architectures can suffer from it too.)
2. The warning from try_to_freeze.
3. The unanticipated change to strace output.
Arnd, can you test this to make sure your gdb test case still works, and
Mark, can you test this to make sure it fixes your problem please?
Thanks.
arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h | 3 +
arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S | 11 ++
arch/arm/kernel/ptrace.c | 2 +
arch/arm/kernel/signal.c | 209 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
4 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h
index 7b5cc8d..40df533 100644
--- a/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h
+++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/thread_info.h
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ extern void vfp_flush_hwstate(struct thread_info *);
/*
* thread information flags:
* TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE - syscall trace active
+ * TIF_SYS_RESTART - syscall restart processing
* TIF_SIGPENDING - signal pending
* TIF_NEED_RESCHED - rescheduling necessary
* TIF_NOTIFY_RESUME - callback before returning to user
@@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ extern void vfp_flush_hwstate(struct thread_info *);
#define TIF_NEED_RESCHED 1
#define TIF_NOTIFY_RESUME 2 /* callback before returning to user */
#define TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE 8
+#define TIF_SYS_RESTART 9
#define TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG 16
#define TIF_USING_IWMMXT 17
#define TIF_MEMDIE 18 /* is terminating due to OOM killer */
@@ -147,6 +149,7 @@ extern void vfp_flush_hwstate(struct thread_info *);
#define TIF_SECCOMP 21
#define _TIF_SIGPENDING (1 << TIF_SIGPENDING)
+#define _TIF_SYS_RESTART (1 << TIF_SYS_RESTART)
#define _TIF_NEED_RESCHED (1 << TIF_NEED_RESCHED)
#define _TIF_NOTIFY_RESUME (1 << TIF_NOTIFY_RESUME)
#define _TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE (1 << TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE)
diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
index b2a27b6..e922b85 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ ret_fast_syscall:
fast_work_pending:
str r0, [sp, #S_R0+S_OFF]! @ returned r0
work_pending:
+ enable_irq
tst r1, #_TIF_NEED_RESCHED
bne work_resched
tst r1, #_TIF_SIGPENDING|_TIF_NOTIFY_RESUME
@@ -56,6 +57,13 @@ work_pending:
bl do_notify_resume
b ret_slow_syscall @ Check work again
+work_syscall_restart:
+ mov r0, sp @ 'regs'
+ bl syscall_restart @ process system call restart
+ teq r0, #0 @ if ret=0 -> success, so
+ beq ret_restart @ return to userspace directly
+ b ret_slow_syscall @ otherwise, we have a segfault
+
work_resched:
bl schedule
/*
@@ -69,6 +77,9 @@ ENTRY(ret_to_user_from_irq)
tst r1, #_TIF_WORK_MASK
bne work_pending
no_work_pending:
+ tst r1, #_TIF_SYS_RESTART
+ bne work_syscall_restart
+ret_restart:
#if defined(CONFIG_IRQSOFF_TRACER)
asm_trace_hardirqs_on
#endif
diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/ptrace.c b/arch/arm/kernel/ptrace.c
index 2491f3b..ac8c34e 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/ptrace.c
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/ptrace.c
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ put_user_reg(struct task_struct *task, int offset, long data)
if (valid_user_regs(&newregs)) {
regs->uregs[offset] = data;
+ clear_ti_thread_flag(task_thread_info(task), TIF_SYS_RESTART);
ret = 0;
}
@@ -604,6 +605,7 @@ static int gpr_set(struct task_struct *target,
return -EINVAL;
*task_pt_regs(target) = newregs;
+ clear_ti_thread_flag(task_thread_info(target), TIF_SYS_RESTART);
return 0;
}
diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/signal.c b/arch/arm/kernel/signal.c
index 0340224..42a1521 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/signal.c
@@ -649,6 +649,135 @@ handle_signal(unsigned long sig, struct k_sigaction *ka,
}
/*
+ * Syscall restarting codes
+ *
+ * -ERESTARTSYS: restart system call if no handler, or if there is a
+ * handler but it's marked SA_RESTART. Otherwise return -EINTR.
+ * -ERESTARTNOINTR: always restart system call
+ * -ERESTARTNOHAND: restart system call only if no handler, otherwise
+ * return -EINTR if invoking a user signal handler.
+ * -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK: call restart syscall if no handler, otherwise
+ * return -EINTR if invoking a user signal handler.
+ */
+static void setup_syscall_restart(struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+ regs->ARM_r0 = regs->ARM_ORIG_r0;
+ regs->ARM_pc -= thumb_mode(regs) ? 2 : 4;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Depending on the signal settings we may need to revert the decision
+ * to restart the system call. But skip this if a debugger has chosen
+ * to restart at a different PC.
+ */
+static void syscall_restart_handler(struct pt_regs *regs, struct k_sigaction *ka)
+{
+ if (test_and_clear_thread_flag(TIF_SYS_RESTART)) {
+ long r0 = regs->ARM_r0;
+
+ /*
+ * By default, return -EINTR to the user process for any
+ * syscall which would otherwise be restarted.
+ */
+ regs->ARM_r0 = -EINTR;
+
+ if (r0 == -ERESTARTNOINTR ||
+ (r0 == -ERESTARTSYS && !(ka->sa.sa_flags & SA_RESTART)))
+ setup_syscall_restart(regs);
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Handle syscall restarting when there is no user handler in place for
+ * a delivered signal. Rather than doing this as part of the normal
+ * signal processing, we do this on the final return to userspace, after
+ * we've finished handling signals and checking for schedule events.
+ *
+ * This avoids bad behaviour such as:
+ * - syscall returns -ERESTARTNOHAND
+ * - signal with no handler (so we set things up to restart the syscall)
+ * - schedule
+ * - signal with handler (eg, SIGALRM)
+ * - we call the handler and then restart the syscall
+ *
+ * In order to avoid races with TIF_NEED_RESCHED, IRQs must be disabled
+ * when this function is called and remain disabled until we exit to
+ * userspace.
+ */
+asmlinkage int syscall_restart(struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+ struct thread_info *thread = current_thread_info();
+
+ clear_ti_thread_flag(thread, TIF_SYS_RESTART);
+
+ /*
+ * Restart the system call. We haven't setup a signal handler
+ * to invoke, and the regset hasn't been usurped by ptrace.
+ */
+ if (regs->ARM_r0 == -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK) {
+ if (thumb_mode(regs)) {
+ regs->ARM_r7 = __NR_restart_syscall - __NR_SYSCALL_BASE;
+ regs->ARM_pc -= 2;
+ } else {
+#if defined(CONFIG_AEABI) && !defined(CONFIG_OABI_COMPAT)
+ regs->ARM_r7 = __NR_restart_syscall;
+ regs->ARM_pc -= 4;
+#else
+ u32 sp = regs->ARM_sp - 4;
+ u32 __user *usp = (u32 __user *)sp;
+ int ret;
+
+ /*
+ * For OABI, we need to play some extra games, because
+ * we need to write to the users stack, which we can't
+ * do reliably from IRQs-disabled context. Temporarily
+ * re-enable IRQs, perform the store, and then plug
+ * the resulting race afterwards.
+ */
+ local_irq_enable();
+ ret = put_user(regs->ARM_pc, usp);
+ local_irq_disable();
+
+ /*
+ * Plug the reschedule race - if we need to reschedule,
+ * abort the syscall restarting. We haven't modified
+ * anything other than the attempted write to the stack
+ * so we can merely retry later.
+ */
+ if (need_resched()) {
+ set_ti_thread_flag(thread, TIF_SYS_RESTART);
+ return -EINTR;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * We failed (for some reason) to write to the stack.
+ * Terminate the task.
+ */
+ if (ret) {
+ force_sigsegv(0, current);
+ return -EFAULT;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Success, update the stack pointer and point the
+ * PC at the restarting code.
+ */
+ regs->ARM_sp = sp;
+ regs->ARM_pc = KERN_RESTART_CODE;
+#endif
+ }
+ } else {
+ /*
+ * Simple restart - just back up and re-execute the last
+ * instruction.
+ */
+ setup_syscall_restart(regs);
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/*
* Note that 'init' is a special process: it doesn't get signals it doesn't
* want to handle. Thus you cannot kill init even with a SIGKILL even by
* mistake.
@@ -659,7 +788,6 @@ handle_signal(unsigned long sig, struct k_sigaction *ka,
*/
static void do_signal(struct pt_regs *regs, int syscall)
{
- unsigned int retval = 0, continue_addr = 0, restart_addr = 0;
struct k_sigaction ka;
siginfo_t info;
int signr;
@@ -674,32 +802,16 @@ static void do_signal(struct pt_regs *regs, int syscall)
return;
/*
- * If we were from a system call, check for system call restarting...
+ * Set the SYS_RESTART flag to indicate that we have some
+ * cleanup of the restart state to perform when returning to
+ * userspace.
*/
- if (syscall) {
- continue_addr = regs->ARM_pc;
- restart_addr = continue_addr - (thumb_mode(regs) ? 2 : 4);
- retval = regs->ARM_r0;
-
- /*
- * Prepare for system call restart. We do this here so that a
- * debugger will see the already changed PSW.
- */
- switch (retval) {
- case -ERESTARTNOHAND:
- case -ERESTARTSYS:
- case -ERESTARTNOINTR:
- regs->ARM_r0 = regs->ARM_ORIG_r0;
- regs->ARM_pc = restart_addr;
- break;
- case -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK:
- regs->ARM_r0 = -EINTR;
- break;
- }
- }
-
- if (try_to_freeze())
- goto no_signal;
+ if (syscall &&
+ (regs->ARM_r0 == -ERESTARTSYS ||
+ regs->ARM_r0 == -ERESTARTNOINTR ||
+ regs->ARM_r0 == -ERESTARTNOHAND ||
+ regs->ARM_r0 == -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK))
+ set_thread_flag(TIF_SYS_RESTART);
/*
* Get the signal to deliver. When running under ptrace, at this
@@ -709,19 +821,7 @@ static void do_signal(struct pt_regs *regs, int syscall)
if (signr > 0) {
sigset_t *oldset;
- /*
- * Depending on the signal settings we may need to revert the
- * decision to restart the system call. But skip this if a
- * debugger has chosen to restart at a different PC.
- */
- if (regs->ARM_pc == restart_addr) {
- if (retval == -ERESTARTNOHAND
- || (retval == -ERESTARTSYS
- && !(ka.sa.sa_flags & SA_RESTART))) {
- regs->ARM_r0 = -EINTR;
- regs->ARM_pc = continue_addr;
- }
- }
+ syscall_restart_handler(regs, &ka);
if (test_thread_flag(TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK))
oldset = ¤t->saved_sigmask;
@@ -740,38 +840,7 @@ static void do_signal(struct pt_regs *regs, int syscall)
return;
}
- no_signal:
if (syscall) {
- /*
- * Handle restarting a different system call. As above,
- * if a debugger has chosen to restart at a different PC,
- * ignore the restart.
- */
- if (retval == -ERESTART_RESTARTBLOCK
- && regs->ARM_pc == continue_addr) {
- if (thumb_mode(regs)) {
- regs->ARM_r7 = __NR_restart_syscall - __NR_SYSCALL_BASE;
- regs->ARM_pc -= 2;
- } else {
-#if defined(CONFIG_AEABI) && !defined(CONFIG_OABI_COMPAT)
- regs->ARM_r7 = __NR_restart_syscall;
- regs->ARM_pc -= 4;
-#else
- u32 __user *usp;
-
- regs->ARM_sp -= 4;
- usp = (u32 __user *)regs->ARM_sp;
-
- if (put_user(regs->ARM_pc, usp) == 0) {
- regs->ARM_pc = KERN_RESTART_CODE;
- } else {
- regs->ARM_sp += 4;
- force_sigsegv(0, current);
- }
-#endif
- }
- }
-
/* If there's no signal to deliver, we just put the saved sigmask
* back.
*/
--
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