Flashbench-results

flashbench-results@lists.linaro.org

2 participants
624 discussions

by Benjamin Beichler

Hi, I have following cheaply bought SD-Card from Ebay: Samsung 32 GB MB-SSBGA MBSSBGVEOBGA-SH D 13CG5000 1 3 6 $:/sys/block/mmcblk0/device# head /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/{c*,scr,*rev,*id,serial,*size} ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/cid <== 1b534d3030303030107677b02300c100 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/csd <== 400e00325b590000e9e57f800a404000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/scr <== 02b5800200000000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/fwrev <== 0x0 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/hwrev <== 0x1 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/cid <== 1b534d3030303030107677b02300c100 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/manfid <== 0x00001b ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/oemid <== 0x534d ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/serial <== 0x7677b023 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/erase_size <== 512 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/preferred_erase_size <== 4194304 and here is the first Benchmark which is for me hard to interprete: root@ThinkPad-T400:~/flashbench/flashbench# ./flashbench -a /dev/mmcblk0 --blocksize 1024 --count=100 align 8589934592 pre 208µs on 221µs post 206µs diff 14.3µs align 4294967296 pre 207µs on 223µs post 208µs diff 15.1µs align 2147483648 pre 205µs on 219µs post 207µs diff 13µs align 1073741824 pre 257µs on 305µs post 241µs diff 56.7µs align 536870912 pre 225µs on 261µs post 225µs diff 36µs align 268435456 pre 294µs on 387µs post 281µs diff 100µs align 134217728 pre 239µs on 285µs post 234µs diff 48.1µs align 67108864 pre 222µs on 267µs post 220µs diff 46.6µs align 33554432 pre 211µs on 257µs post 218µs diff 41.8µs align 16777216 pre 231µs on 296µs post 237µs diff 61.8µs align 8388608 pre 224µs on 260µs post 225µs diff 36.2µs align 4194304 pre 222µs on 259µs post 227µs diff 34.4µs align 2097152 pre 230µs on 260µs post 213µs diff 38.6µs align 1048576 pre 218µs on 254µs post 223µs diff 33.8µs align 524288 pre 234µs on 266µs post 216µs diff 40.7µs align 262144 pre 224µs on 258µs post 224µs diff 33.3µs align 131072 pre 228µs on 257µs post 210µs diff 37.8µs align 65536 pre 212µs on 248µs post 216µs diff 33.8µs align 32768 pre 223µs on 253µs post 205µs diff 38.3µs align 16384 pre 239µs on 258µs post 234µs diff 21.3µs align 8192 pre 233µs on 233µs post 233µs diff 424ns align 4096 pre 234µs on 240µs post 234µs diff 5.88µs align 2048 pre 233µs on 234µs post 234µs diff 584ns in other outputs there are more or less only two steps (at eraseblock size and blocksize) and they are differently ordered. The Debug FS says erase block should be 4 MB but from this Benchmark I would suggest something like 2GB?!? Or is it 128MB ? Blocksize is 16KB i would suggest but I could be wrong ... could you help me ? I will give the other results if the block sizes are more clear to me...

12 years, 2 months

ADATA USB Flash Drive

by Csordás Csaba Ifj.

Hi, I'm having troubles at the first step: determining the erase block size. The strange results are below. The original FAT layout was not saved when the drive was purchased. # lsusb Bus 004 Device 002: ID 125f:c82a A-DATA Technology Co., Ltd. # fdisk -l /dev/disk/by-id/usb-ADATA_USB_Flash_Drive_1061309422330015-0\:0 Disk /dev/disk/by-id/usb-ADATA_USB_Flash_Drive_1061309422330015-0:0: 7873 MB, 7873757184 bytes 180 heads, 14 sectors/track, 6102 cylinders, total 15378432 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xf65985aa Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/disk/by-id/usb-ADATA_USB_Flash_Drive_1061309422330015-0:0-part1 2048 15378431 7688192 83 Linux # for i in 1 2 4 8 16; do echo -e "\n\nbs=$[$i*1024]"; flashbench -a /dev/disk/by-id/usb-ADATA_USB_Flash_Drive_1061309422330015-0\:0 --blocksize=$[$i*1024]; done bs=1024 align 2147483648 pre 829µs on 815µs post 836µs diff -17473n align 1073741824 pre 846µs on 796µs post 853µs diff -53379n align 536870912 pre 744µs on 781µs post 834µs diff -8238ns align 268435456 pre 827µs on 798µs post 831µs diff -31049n align 134217728 pre 758µs on 763µs post 763µs diff 2.71µs align 67108864 pre 789µs on 779µs post 815µs diff -22737n align 33554432 pre 773µs on 747µs post 779µs diff -29372n align 16777216 pre 695µs on 773µs post 816µs diff 16.8µs align 8388608 pre 688µs on 728µs post 691µs diff 39µs align 4194304 pre 733µs on 779µs post 815µs diff 4.47µs align 2097152 pre 742µs on 761µs post 759µs diff 10.8µs align 1048576 pre 811µs on 793µs post 817µs diff -21380n align 524288 pre 799µs on 794µs post 816µs diff -13187n align 262144 pre 756µs on 795µs post 800µs diff 17µs align 131072 pre 737µs on 685µs post 744µs diff -55710n align 65536 pre 741µs on 747µs post 747µs diff 3.18µs align 32768 pre 798µs on 780µs post 799µs diff -18178n align 16384 pre 732µs on 779µs post 796µs diff 15.1µs align 8192 pre 740µs on 776µs post 799µs diff 7.01µs align 4096 pre 952µs on 758µs post 799µs diff -117830 align 2048 pre 738µs on 774µs post 798µs diff 6.04µs bs=2048 align 2147483648 pre 853µs on 848µs post 869µs diff -12804n align 1073741824 pre 861µs on 869µs post 869µs diff 3.88µs align 536870912 pre 833µs on 834µs post 835µs diff -193ns align 268435456 pre 877µs on 907µs post 900µs diff 18.4µs align 134217728 pre 842µs on 851µs post 870µs diff -5455ns align 67108864 pre 828µs on 799µs post 833µs diff -31688n align 33554432 pre 767µs on 827µs post 832µs diff 26.9µs align 16777216 pre 758µs on 776µs post 762µs diff 16.2µs align 8388608 pre 713µs on 714µs post 712µs diff 868ns align 4194304 pre 857µs on 887µs post 866µs diff 25.9µs align 2097152 pre 837µs on 867µs post 872µs diff 12.7µs align 1048576 pre 847µs on 834µs post 847µs diff -13895n align 524288 pre 865µs on 882µs post 866µs diff 16.4µs align 262144 pre 864µs on 849µs post 868µs diff -17470n align 131072 pre 795µs on 799µs post 799µs diff 1.98µs align 65536 pre 868µs on 868µs post 867µs diff 205ns align 32768 pre 866µs on 867µs post 868µs diff -623ns align 16384 pre 859µs on 853µs post 871µs diff -11754n align 8192 pre 859µs on 869µs post 849µs diff 15µs align 4096 pre 978µs on 980µs post 829µs diff 76.4µs bs=4096 align 2147483648 pre 905µs on 908µs post 1.05ms diff -70516n align 1073741824 pre 997µs on 979µs post 1.11ms diff -72729n align 536870912 pre 961µs on 978µs post 1.1ms diff -51399n align 268435456 pre 965µs on 973µs post 1.07ms diff -42441n align 134217728 pre 890µs on 891µs post 1.03ms diff -70698n align 67108864 pre 855µs on 838µs post 1.02ms diff -97971n align 33554432 pre 853µs on 870µs post 1.05ms diff -80043n align 16777216 pre 832µs on 832µs post 1.03ms diff -98061n align 8388608 pre 842µs on 843µs post 1.03ms diff -92877n align 4194304 pre 933µs on 960µs post 1.08ms diff -46878n align 2097152 pre 924µs on 926µs post 1.03ms diff -51066n align 1048576 pre 948µs on 925µs post 1.07ms diff -82986n align 524288 pre 970µs on 981µs post 1.1ms diff -55840n align 262144 pre 985µs on 954µs post 1.12ms diff -97010n align 131072 pre 933µs on 944µs post 1.08ms diff -60718n align 65536 pre 970µs on 956µs post 1.03ms diff -46152n align 32768 pre 963µs on 943µs post 1.11ms diff -91246n align 16384 pre 914µs on 924µs post 1.07ms diff -67228n align 8192 pre 923µs on 924µs post 1.09ms diff -80328n bs=8192 align 2147483648 pre 1.66ms on 1.62ms post 1.64ms diff -29621n align 1073741824 pre 1.65ms on 1.64ms post 1.68ms diff -22022n align 536870912 pre 1.62ms on 1.62ms post 1.62ms diff 662ns align 268435456 pre 1.62ms on 1.6ms post 1.62ms diff -17675n align 134217728 pre 1.64ms on 1.61ms post 1.64ms diff -31935n align 67108864 pre 1.68ms on 1.67ms post 1.67ms diff -3326ns align 33554432 pre 1.73ms on 1.74ms post 1.74ms diff 9.42µs align 16777216 pre 1.66ms on 1.64ms post 1.64ms diff -7797ns align 8388608 pre 1.65ms on 1.66ms post 1.65ms diff 8.27µs align 4194304 pre 1.63ms on 1.65ms post 1.65ms diff 10.3µs align 2097152 pre 1.62ms on 1.64ms post 1.64ms diff 6.62µs align 1048576 pre 1.66ms on 1.66ms post 1.65ms diff 2.68µs align 524288 pre 1.66ms on 1.64ms post 1.64ms diff -6934ns align 262144 pre 1.65ms on 1.66ms post 1.66ms diff 197ns align 131072 pre 1.64ms on 1.64ms post 1.64ms diff 1.64µs align 65536 pre 1.65ms on 1.62ms post 1.62ms diff -12165n align 32768 pre 1.66ms on 1.66ms post 1.67ms diff -9644ns align 16384 pre 1.62ms on 1.62ms post 1.64ms diff -9352ns bs=16384 align 2147483648 pre 2.39ms on 2.35ms post 2.33ms diff -7216ns align 1073741824 pre 2.46ms on 2.44ms post 2.43ms diff 341ns align 536870912 pre 2.28ms on 2.28ms post 2.28ms diff -1850ns align 268435456 pre 2.32ms on 2.28ms post 2.3ms diff -29446n align 134217728 pre 2.3ms on 2.32ms post 2.32ms diff 7.53µs align 67108864 pre 2.32ms on 2.31ms post 2.3ms diff 2.12µs align 33554432 pre 2.38ms on 2.41ms post 2.43ms diff 4µs align 16777216 pre 2.32ms on 2.28ms post 2.27ms diff -7553ns align 8388608 pre 2.28ms on 2.28ms post 2.29ms diff -6386ns align 4194304 pre 2.28ms on 2.28ms post 2.28ms diff -1055ns align 2097152 pre 2.28ms on 2.26ms post 2.28ms diff -18798n align 1048576 pre 2.28ms on 2.28ms post 2.26ms diff 9.31µs align 524288 pre 2.33ms on 2.32ms post 2.32ms diff -4279ns align 262144 pre 2.29ms on 2.28ms post 2.25ms diff 8.77µs align 131072 pre 2.3ms on 2.26ms post 2.3ms diff -35064n align 65536 pre 2.31ms on 2.27ms post 2.28ms diff -33000n align 32768 pre 2.3ms on 2.31ms post 2.34ms diff -730ns # flashbench -a /dev/disk/by-id/usb-ADATA_USB_Flash_Drive_1061309422330015-0\:0 --blocksize=$[10*1024] align 1342177280 pre 1.66ms on 2.14ms post 1.69ms diff 465µs align 671088640 pre 1.66ms on 2.16ms post 1.66ms diff 499µs align 335544320 pre 1.69ms on 2.19ms post 1.71ms diff 493µs align 167772160 pre 1.76ms on 2.26ms post 1.75ms diff 510µs align 83886080 pre 1.62ms on 2.09ms post 1.67ms diff 447µs align 41943040 pre 1.8ms on 2.33ms post 1.76ms diff 551µs align 20971520 pre 1.62ms on 2.12ms post 1.64ms diff 490µs align 10485760 pre 1.64ms on 2.1ms post 1.65ms diff 455µs align 5242880 pre 1.62ms on 2.08ms post 1.68ms diff 432µs align 2621440 pre 1.65ms on 2.12ms post 1.68ms diff 456µs align 1310720 pre 1.6ms on 2.03ms post 1.55ms diff 450µs align 655360 pre 1.57ms on 2.03ms post 1.62ms diff 437µs align 327680 pre 1.66ms on 2.08ms post 1.64ms diff 435µs align 163840 pre 1.63ms on 2.06ms post 1.62ms diff 436µs align 81920 pre 1.64ms on 2.08ms post 1.64ms diff 447µs align 40960 pre 1.66ms on 2.19ms post 1.73ms diff 499µs align 20480 pre 2.07ms on 1.64ms post 1.66ms diff -226664

12 years, 2 months

ERA - Asset Disposal

by Luka Belik

Greetings, My name is Luka from the Electronic Recycling Association (www.era.ca). In hope you might be able to help us, I would like to tell you a little bit about our charity work. This is what we do: we are a non-profit organization dedicated in reducing electronic waste through the reuse and recycling of unwanted computers. We collect all kinds of IT and electronic equipment (computers, laptops, printers, telephones etc). Then we refurbish it and donate to various charities and non-profit organizations. That makes us different from any other recycler, we want to add value to your company by donating! ERA`s donations are followed by various media, so it can also help to improve your company`s social responsibility profile. This is what we can do for you: - Pick up all of your old IT & electronic equipment you don`t need any more at your site, - Remove all of your company`s data from computers according to military standards (free hard-drive wiping services plus data removal certificate), - Refurbish your donated items and donate them to local charities in need in your behalf. - Recycle locally all of the equipment that cannot be reused. With your help we can not only achieve our mission of reducing the negative impact of electronic waste on our environment, but also ensure that your unwanted computer equipment is donated to a worthy charity or non-profit organization. These are the current charities we are trying to help, and the list is, unfortunately, increasing: http://era.ca/index.php?page=charities. Please contact me directly on 604 756 1930 if you have any electronic equipment you would like to donate at this time or if you need any further information about our services. We have offices and warehouses all across Canada. I am looking forward to your response! Thank you for your time and have a great day! Sincerely, Luka Belik Donations Coordinator Electronic Recycling Association * luka(a)era.ca * 604 756 1930 * www.era.ca * 1 403 262 4488 | 1 604 215 4483 | 1 780 455 2088 | 1 877 939 2783

12 years, 2 months

lists.linaro.org maintenance completed

by IT Services

This is to let you know that the migration of lists.linaro.org has been successfully completed. As per the email I sent on Wednesday, it may take some time for the new address of the server to be seen by your computer. You can check this by trying to connect to the web site: http://lists.linaro.org/ If you are able to connect and you do not get an error, this means you are connecting to the new server and you can send email to the lists. If you experience any problems after the weekend and you find that you still cannot connect to the server, please reply to this email to let us know. Regards Philip IT Services Manager Linaro

12 years, 2 months

Multi-languages make different

by Peter Yang

12 years, 2 months

Planned maintenance - lists.linaro.org

by IT Services

Hello You are receiving this email because you are subscribed to one or more mailing lists provided by the lists.linaro.org server. IT Services are announcing planned maintenance for this server scheduled for *Friday 15th March 2013, starting at 2pm GMT*. The purpose of the work is to move the service to another server. There will be some disruption during this maintenance. In order to ensure that you do not accidentally try to use the service while it is being moved, the current server will be shut down at 2pm. A further email will be sent on Friday afternoon to confirm that the migration of the service is completed. However, due to the way servers are found, it may take a while before your computer is able to connect to the relocated service. After the old server has been shut down, email sent to any of the lists will be queued, but it is possible that the sending server will still trying to deliver the email to the old server rather than the new one when it is started. It is therefore *strongly* recommended that you do not send any email to an @lists.linaro.org email address until you can connect to the new service, which you will be able to test by trying to use a web browser to connect to http://lists.linaro.org after you receive the email confirming that the migration has been completed. Since the old service will be shut down, if you are able to connect, you can be sure you have connected to the new service. If by Monday you are still unable to connect to the service or you are not able to send email to an @lists.linaro.org email address, please send an email to its(a)linaro.org. Thank you. Regards Philip IT Services Manager Linaro

12 years, 2 months

Samsung 32GB Class 6 SDHC SSBGB

by Arnd Bergmann

Label: MB-SSBGB MBSSBGVEQAFA-XF D-HJIA39HE 244 MADE IN KOREA DESIGNED BY SAMSUNG ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/block <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/block': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/cid <== 1b534d3030303030107085d85000cb00 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/csd <== 400e00325b590000ea3d7f800a404000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/date <== 11/2012 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/driver <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/driver': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/erase_size <== 512 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/fwrev <== 0x0 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/hwrev <== 0x1 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/manfid <== 0x00001b ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/name <== 00000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/oemid <== 0x534d ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/power <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/power': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/preferred_erase_size <== 4194304 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/scr <== 02b5800200000000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/serial <== 0x7085d850 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/subsystem <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/subsystem': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/type <== SD ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/uevent <== DRIVER=mmcblk MMC_TYPE=SD MMC_NAME=00000 MODALIAS=mmc:block $ sudo fdisk -l /dev/mmcblk0 Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 31.4 GB, 31439454208 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3822 cylinders, total 61405184 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 61405183 30698496 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) $ factor $[31439454208 / 1024] 30702592: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 29983 => 1 MB alignment! $ sudo ./flashbench -a /dev/mmcblk0 --blocksize=1024 --count=32 align 3221225472 pre 324µs on 439µs post 324µs diff 115µs align 2147483648 pre 322µs on 325µs post 321µs diff 3.61µs align 1610612736 pre 321µs on 449µs post 317µs diff 130µs align 1073741824 pre 324µs on 336µs post 326µs diff 11.5µs align 805306368 pre 318µs on 449µs post 321µs diff 129µs align 536870912 pre 323µs on 334µs post 324µs diff 10.8µs align 402653184 pre 316µs on 449µs post 322µs diff 130µs align 268435456 pre 318µs on 336µs post 318µs diff 17.8µs align 201326592 pre 323µs on 449µs post 327µs diff 124µs align 134217728 pre 326µs on 338µs post 322µs diff 13.8µs align 100663296 pre 314µs on 445µs post 323µs diff 126µs align 67108864 pre 324µs on 334µs post 324µs diff 9.46µs align 50331648 pre 321µs on 448µs post 321µs diff 127µs align 33554432 pre 314µs on 333µs post 311µs diff 19.9µs align 25165824 pre 314µs on 436µs post 325µs diff 116µs align 16777216 pre 305µs on 320µs post 302µs diff 16.3µs align 12582912 pre 322µs on 444µs post 315µs diff 126µs align 8388608 pre 314µs on 344µs post 318µs diff 28.5µs align 6291456 pre 319µs on 336µs post 316µs diff 18.7µs align 4194304 pre 316µs on 341µs post 315µs diff 25.3µs align 3145728 pre 321µs on 336µs post 322µs diff 15.2µs align 2097152 pre 318µs on 333µs post 315µs diff 16.3µs align 1572864 pre 321µs on 336µs post 320µs diff 15.3µs align 1048576 pre 315µs on 336µs post 318µs diff 19.7µs align 786432 pre 312µs on 335µs post 314µs diff 22µs align 524288 pre 313µs on 325µs post 314µs diff 11.5µs align 393216 pre 317µs on 340µs post 308µs diff 27.7µs align 262144 pre 312µs on 333µs post 317µs diff 18.4µs align 196608 pre 322µs on 343µs post 319µs diff 22.5µs align 131072 pre 314µs on 338µs post 320µs diff 21.6µs align 98304 pre 320µs on 329µs post 313µs diff 12.9µs align 65536 pre 318µs on 339µs post 321µs diff 19.6µs align 49152 pre 316µs on 344µs post 317µs diff 27.2µs align 32768 pre 315µs on 337µs post 307µs diff 25.3µs align 24576 pre 319µs on 313µs post 320µs diff -6037ns align 16384 pre 320µs on 340µs post 317µs diff 21.6µs align 12288 pre 324µs on 310µs post 310µs diff -6805ns align 8192 pre 312µs on 315µs post 322µs diff -1760ns align 6144 pre 318µs on 319µs post 321µs diff -153ns align 4096 pre 312µs on 311µs post 306µs diff 2.34µs align 3072 pre 315µs on 322µs post 320µs diff 3.93µs align 2048 pre 312µs on 320µs post 323µs diff 2.98µs ===> Suggests 12 MB erase blocks, 16 KB page size $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] 12MiB 12.6M/s 6MiB 13M/s 3MiB 13M/s 1.5MiB 13M/s 768KiB 13M/s 384KiB 13M/s 192KiB 13M/s 96KiB 12.1M/s 48KiB 12.1M/s 24KiB 6.89M/s 12KiB 5.8M/s ===> looks great so far $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --random 12MiB 13M/s 6MiB 13M/s 3MiB 13.1M/s 1.5MiB 13M/s 768KiB 13M/s 384KiB 13M/s 192KiB 13M/s 96KiB 12.1M/s 48KiB 12.1M/s 24KiB 6.96M/s 12KiB 5.79M/s ===> ok, so we can continue with --random $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --random --open-au-nr=6 12MiB 11.6M/s 6MiB 11.1M/s 3MiB 10.8M/s 1.5MiB 10.4M/s 768KiB 10.2M/s 384KiB 9.96M/s 192KiB 9.91M/s 96KiB 9.29M/s 48KiB 9.26M/s 24KiB 5.75M/s 12KiB 5.87M/s ===> unclear what this means $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --random --open-au-nr=3 12MiB 11.5M/s 6MiB 11.3M/s 3MiB 11.4M/s 1.5MiB 11.3M/s 768KiB 10.8M/s 384KiB 10.5M/s 192KiB 10.1M/s 96KiB 9.32M/s 48KiB 9.35M/s 24KiB 5.93M/s 12KiB 5.87M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --random --open-au-nr=10 12MiB 11.7M/s 6MiB 11.5M/s 3MiB 10.8M/s 1.5MiB 10.4M/s 768KiB 10.2M/s 384KiB 9.96M/s 192KiB 9.83M/s 96KiB 9.11M/s 48KiB 9.25M/s 24KiB 5.67M/s 12KiB 5.66M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --random --open-au-nr=30 12MiB 11.6M/s 6MiB 11.2M/s 3MiB 10.7M/s 1.5MiB 10.5M/s 768KiB 10.8M/s 384KiB 11M/s 192KiB 10.9M/s 96KiB 8.65M/s 48KiB 9.67M/s 24KiB 5.5M/s 12KiB 5.35M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --random --open-au-nr=31 12MiB 12.6M/s 6MiB 12.8M/s 3MiB 12.7M/s 1.5MiB 12.5M/s 768KiB 12.1M/s 384KiB 12M/s 192KiB 11.9M/s 96KiB 10.5M/s 48KiB 10.8M/s 24KiB 5.9M/s 12KiB 5.33M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[3*4096] --open-au-nr=33 12MiB 12.6M/s 6MiB 12.7M/s 3MiB 12.7M/s 1.5MiB 12.6M/s 768KiB 12.2M/s 384KiB 12.1M/s 192KiB 12M/s 96KiB 10.9M/s 48KiB 11.1M/s 24KiB 6.12M/s 12KiB 5.49M/s ===> this looks really great, though not helpful for trying to figure out what the card does inside ===> trying with a smaller erasesize $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[1024*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] 1MiB 11.8M/s 512KiB 12.5M/s 256KiB 12.5M/s 128KiB 12.2M/s 64KiB 11.6M/s 32KiB 10.3M/s 16KiB 7.72M/s 8KiB 5.86M/s 4KiB 3.59M/s 2KiB 1.86M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[1024*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --open-au-nr=30 1MiB 10.1M/s 512KiB 10.9M/s 256KiB 9.67M/s 128KiB 8.84M/s 64KiB 6.59M/s 32KiB 5.26M/s 16KiB 3.2M/s 8KiB 2.34M/s 4KiB 1.23M/s 2KiB 600K/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random 256KiB 10M/s 128KiB 10.9M/s 64KiB 10.2M/s 32KiB 8.34M/s 16KiB 6.37M/s 8KiB 5.98M/s 4KiB 3.55M/s 2KiB 1.83M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=10 256KiB 10.1M/s 128KiB 11M/s 64KiB 11M/s 32KiB 9.07M/s 16KiB 5.58M/s 8KiB 5.73M/s 4KiB 3.59M/s 2KiB 1.8M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=20 256KiB 11.1M/s 128KiB 9.49M/s 64KiB 8.2M/s 32KiB 5.8M/s 16KiB 3.39M/s 8KiB 2.42M/s 4KiB 1.22M/s 2KiB 622K/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=15 256KiB 11.5M/s 128KiB 12M/s 64KiB 10.8M/s 32KiB 8.8M/s 16KiB 5.78M/s 8KiB 5.67M/s 4KiB 3.55M/s 2KiB 1.85M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=17 256KiB 11.3M/s 128KiB 11.1M/s 64KiB 10.1M/s 32KiB 10.4M/s 16KiB 6.22M/s 8KiB 5.87M/s 4KiB 3.65M/s 2KiB 1.85M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 256KiB 11.4M/s 128KiB 11.8M/s 64KiB 11.1M/s 32KiB 10.2M/s 16KiB 7.66M/s 8KiB 5.93M/s 4KiB 3.66M/s 2KiB 1.84M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=19 256KiB 10.9M/s 128KiB 10.4M/s 64KiB 8.33M/s 32KiB 5.93M/s 16KiB 4.04M/s 8KiB 2.42M/s 4KiB 1.23M/s 2KiB 624K/s ===> when writing 256 KB chunks, it is fast up to 18 segments $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[512*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 512KiB 11.1M/s 256KiB 11M/s 128KiB 10.5M/s 64KiB 9.48M/s 32KiB 7.29M/s 16KiB 5.5M/s 8KiB 5.96M/s 4KiB 3.26M/s 2KiB 1.83M/s arnd@klappe2:~/git/flashbench$ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[512*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=19 512KiB 10.4M/s 256KiB 10M/s 128KiB 8.78M/s 64KiB 7.45M/s 32KiB 5.72M/s 16KiB 3.42M/s 8KiB 2.43M/s 4KiB 1.24M/s 2KiB 619K/s ===> same for 512 KB chunks, now let's see if we can find the erase size after all. $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[512*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[48*1024*1024] 512KiB 13.3M/s 256KiB 13.2M/s 128KiB 13.2M/s 64KiB 13.2M/s 32KiB 10.3M/s 16KiB 8.94M/s 8KiB 6.03M/s 4KiB 3.7M/s 2KiB 1.86M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[512*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[48*1024*1024 - 256*1024] 512KiB 8.55M/s 256KiB 12.1M/s 128KiB 10.7M/s 64KiB 9.88M/s 32KiB 6.93M/s 16KiB 5.59M/s 8KiB 3.48M/s 4KiB 1.86M/s 2KiB 846K/s ===> slow when crossing the boundary at 48MB, trying other boundaries $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocks ize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[32*1024*1024 - 128*1024] 256KiB 11.8M/s 128KiB 13.2M/s 64KiB 13.1M/s 32KiB 11.1M/s 16KiB 8.86M/s 8KiB 6.02M/s 4KiB 3.41M/s 2KiB 1.88M/s ===> fast on the 32 MB boundary $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[24*1024*1024 - 128*1024] 256KiB 10.6M/s 128KiB 10.4M/s 64KiB 9.37M/s 32KiB 6.54M/s 16KiB 4.81M/s 8KiB 3.48M/s 4KiB 1.61M/s 2KiB 913K/s ===> slow on the 24 MB boundary $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[36*1024*1024 - 128*1024] 256KiB 8.17M/s 128KiB 8.59M/s 64KiB 8.57M/s 32KiB 5.73M/s 16KiB 5.05M/s 8KiB 3.43M/s 4KiB 1.85M/s 2KiB 879K/s ===> slow on the 36 MB boundary $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[42*1024*1024 - 128*1024] 256KiB 11.6M/s 128KiB 13.1M/s 64KiB 13M/s 32KiB 11.2M/s 16KiB 8.25M/s 8KiB 5.98M/s 4KiB 3.67M/s 2KiB 1.87M/s ===> fast on the 42 MB boundary $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[72*1024*1024 - 128*1024] 256KiB 5.6M/s 128KiB 10.3M/s 64KiB 9.43M/s 32KiB 4.65M/s 16KiB 5.04M/s 8KiB 3.48M/s 4KiB 1.82M/s 2KiB 928K/s ===> slow on the 72 MB boundary $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[12*1024*1024*1024 - 128*1024] 256KiB 3.05M/s 128KiB 11M/s 64KiB 9.43M/s 32KiB 4.66M/s 16KiB 5.09M/s 8KiB 3.44M/s 4KiB 1.85M/s 2KiB 938K/s arnd@klappe2:~/git/flashbench$ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --erasesize=$[256*1024] --blocksize=$[2048] --random --open-au-nr=18 --offset=$[12*1024*1024*1024] 256KiB 12.1M/s 128KiB 13.2M/s 64KiB 13.2M/s 32KiB 11.4M/s 16KiB 8.93M/s 8KiB 4.45M/s 4KiB 3.67M/s 2KiB 1.9M/s ===> slow on the 12 GB boundary. apparently all 12 MB multiples are slow, confirming the 12 MB erase size Verdict: This card will be good with f2fs when formatted with 12 MB log sizes, and partitions aligned to 12 MB, which unfortunately, tools do not do by default. It should also work reasonably with ext4 and btrfs, although the 12 MB erase blocks are large enough to be problematic for small file writes. -------------------------------------------------------

12 years, 3 months

Micron MTFC2GMVEA-0M WT 2GB eMMC

by Andrew Bradford

Flashbench results for Micron MTFC2GMVEA-0M WT 2GB eMMC. root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# head /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/* 2>/dev/null | grep -v ^$ ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/block <== ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/cid <== fe014e4d4d433032473a1158f1467f35 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/csd <== d04f01320f5a1393ffffffe38a4000e7 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/date <== 07/2012 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/driver <== ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/enhanced_area_offset <== 18446744073709551594 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/enhanced_area_size <== 4294967274 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/erase_size <== 524288 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/fwrev <== 0x0 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/hwrev <== 0x0 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/manfid <== 0x0000fe ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/name <== MMC02G ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/oemid <== 0x014e ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/power <== ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/preferred_erase_size <== 4194304 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/raw_rpmb_size_mult <== 0x1 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/rel_sectors <== 0x1 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/serial <== 0x1158f146 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/subsystem <== ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/type <== MMC ==> /sys/block/mmcblk1/device/uevent <== DRIVER=mmcblk MMC_TYPE=MMC MMC_NAME=MMC02G MODALIAS=mmc:block root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# cat /sys/kernel/debug/mmc1/* 2>/dev/null | grep -v ^$ 52000000 clock: 52000000 Hz vdd: 7 (1.65 - 1.95 V) bus mode: 2 (push-pull) chip select: 0 (don't care) power mode: 2 (on) bus width: 2 (4 bits) timing spec: 1 (mmc high-speed) signal voltage: 0 (3.30 V) mmc1: ctx_loss: 0:0 regs: CON: 0x00000600 HCTL: 0x00000b06 SYSCTL: 0x000c0087 IE: 0x00000000 ISE: 0x00000000 CAPA: 0x06e10080 root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/mmcblk1 bs=1M count=256 oflag=direct 256+0 records in 256+0 records out 268435456 bytes (268 MB) copied, 46.5893 s, 5.8 MB/s root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# dd if=/dev/mmcblk1 of=/dev/null bs=1M count=256 iflag=direct 256+0 records in 256+0 records out 268435456 bytes (268 MB) copied, 15.1334 s, 17.7 MB/s root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# fdisk -l /dev/mmcblk1 Disk /dev/mmcblk1: 1920 MB, 1920991232 bytes 4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 58624 cylinders, total 3751936 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# ./flashbench -a /dev/mmcblk1 --blocksize=1024 --count=100 align 536870912 pre 1.03ms on 1.48ms post 1.03ms diff 451µs align 268435456 pre 1ms on 1.41ms post 1.01ms diff 403µs align 134217728 pre 978µs on 1.44ms post 918µs diff 488µs align 67108864 pre 932µs on 1.26ms post 782µs diff 407µs align 33554432 pre 981µs on 1.35ms post 923µs diff 393µs align 16777216 pre 988µs on 1.43ms post 992µs diff 442µs align 8388608 pre 993µs on 1.44ms post 989µs diff 446µs align 4194304 pre 904µs on 1.22ms post 740µs diff 398µs align 2097152 pre 992µs on 1.44ms post 984µs diff 448µs align 1048576 pre 989µs on 1.05ms post 991µs diff 57.4µs align 524288 pre 989µs on 1.05ms post 992µs diff 62.4µs align 262144 pre 743µs on 801µs post 746µs diff 56.4µs align 131072 pre 986µs on 1.05ms post 992µs diff 59µs align 65536 pre 983µs on 1.04ms post 987µs diff 54.7µs align 32768 pre 982µs on 1.04ms post 985µs diff 58.6µs align 16384 pre 953µs on 1ms post 937µs diff 55.3µs align 8192 pre 742µs on 794µs post 738µs diff 54µs align 4096 pre 979µs on 1.04ms post 985µs diff 57.5µs align 2048 pre 982µs on 1.02ms post 982µs diff 41.3µs ## Looks like 2 MiB erase blocks root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# ./flashbench /dev/mmcblk1 --open-au --erasesize=$[2*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[8*1024] --open-au-nr=1 2MiB 2.52M/s 1MiB 2.47M/s 512KiB 2.52M/s 256KiB 2.49M/s 128KiB 2.48M/s 64KiB 2.49M/s 32KiB 2.34M/s 16KiB 2.13M/s 8KiB 1.82M/s root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# ./flashbench /dev/mmcblk1 --open-au --erasesize=$[2*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[8*1024] --open-au-nr=5 2MiB 4.49M/s 1MiB 3.84M/s 512KiB 4.42M/s 256KiB 4.34M/s 128KiB 4.23M/s 64KiB 4.14M/s 32KiB 3.34M/s 16KiB 1.22M/s 8KiB 927K/s root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# ./flashbench /dev/mmcblk1 --open-au --erasesize=$[2*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[8*1024] --open-au-nr=6 2MiB 5.66M/s 1MiB 3.33M/s 512KiB 1.27M/s 256KiB 598K/s ^C ## 5 open-au non-random root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# ./flashbench /dev/mmcblk1 --open-au --erasesize=$[2*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[8*1024] --open-au-nr=5 --random 2MiB 6.16M/s 1MiB 1.6M/s 512KiB 2.48M/s 256KiB 2.51M/s 128KiB 1.64M/s 64KiB 1.27M/s 32KiB 1.07M/s 16KiB 1.21M/s 8KiB 886K/s root@beaglebone:~/flashbench# ./flashbench /dev/mmcblk1 --open-au --erasesize=$[2*1024*1024] --blocksize=$[8*1024] --open-au-nr=6 --random 2MiB 5.37M/s 1MiB 3.35M/s 512KiB 1.28M/s 256KiB 601K/s 128KiB 295K/s ^C ## 5 open-au in random, too I expected better but this is a lower end eMMC from Micron. -Andrew

12 years, 3 months

32 GB Lexar SDHC UHS-1

by Arnd Bergmann

$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/mmcblk0 [sudo] password for arnd: Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 32.0 GB, 32026656768 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3893 cylinders, total 62552064 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 62552063 31271936 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 3 $ factor 32026656768 32026656768: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 10181 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/cid <== 284245202020202010b726678300cc00 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/csd <== 400e00325b590000ee9d7f800a400000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/date <== 12/2012 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/driver <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/driver': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/erase_size <== 512 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/fwrev <== 0x0 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/hwrev <== 0x1 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/manfid <== 0x000028 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/name <== ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/oemid <== 0x4245 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/power <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/power': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/preferred_erase_size <== 4194304 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/scr <== 0235800300000000 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/serial <== 0xb7266783 ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/subsystem <== head: error reading '/sys/block/mmcblk0/device/subsystem': Is a directory ==> /sys/block/mmcblk0/device/type <== SD $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=2 --erasesize=$[4*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 4MiB 5.79M/s 2MiB 7.05M/s 1MiB 6.9M/s 512KiB 8.08M/s 256KiB 7.9M/s 128KiB 8.91M/s 64KiB 7.84M/s 32KiB 5.53M/s 16KiB 3.16M/s 8KiB 1.69M/s 4KiB 871K/s 2KiB 445K/s 1KiB 223K/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=2 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 8MiB 10M/s 4MiB 10M/s 2MiB 9.86M/s 1MiB 9.84M/s 512KiB 9.66M/s 256KiB 9.32M/s 128KiB 8.75M/s 64KiB 7.75M/s 32KiB 5.27M/s 16KiB 2.71M/s 8KiB 1.44M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=8 --erasesize=$[12*1024*1024] --blocksize=3072 12MiB 7.01M/s 6MiB 6.6M/s 3MiB 5.91M/s 1.5MiB 6.31M/s 768KiB 6.24M/s 384KiB 7.42M/s 192KiB 7.2M/s 96KiB 7.42M/s 48KiB 5.28M/s 24KiB 3.41M/s 12KiB 2.03M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=18 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] 8MiB 8.78M/s 4MiB 9.96M/s 2MiB 9.91M/s 1MiB 9.86M/s 512KiB 9.73M/s 256KiB 9.46M/s 128KiB 8.98M/s 64KiB 8.16M/s 32KiB 5.73M/s 16KiB 3M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=31 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 8MiB 8.77M/s 4MiB 9.98M/s 2MiB 9.95M/s 1MiB 9.87M/s 512KiB 9.75M/s 256KiB 9.48M/s 128KiB 8.95M/s 64KiB 8.1M/s 32KiB 5.65M/s 16KiB 3.16M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=8 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 --random 8MiB 9.99M/s 4MiB 9.53M/s 2MiB 9.97M/s 1MiB 9.89M/s 512KiB 9.8M/s 256KiB 9.55M/s 128KiB 9.11M/s 64KiB 8.34M/s 32KiB 5.89M/s 16KiB 3.4M/s 8KiB 1.83M/s 4KiB 950K/s 2KiB 484K/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=8 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 --ranm --offset=$[16*1024*1024 + 65536] 8MiB 9.95M/s 4MiB 9.98M/s 2MiB 10M/s 1MiB 9.92M/s 512KiB 9.82M/s ^Carnd@klappe2:~/git/flashbench$ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=8 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 --ranm --offset=$[16*1024*1024 + 16384] 8MiB 7.51M/s 4MiB 8.62M/s 2MiB 8.59M/s 1MiB 8.53M/s 512KiB 8.45M/s 256KiB 8.27M/s 128KiB 7.95M/s 64KiB 7.35M/s 32KiB 4.77M/s $ sudo ./flashbench --open-au /dev/mmcblk0 --open-au-nr=8 --erasesize=$[8*1024*1024] --blocksize=512 --ranm --offset=$[16*1024*1024 + 4096] 8MiB 7.77M/s 4MiB 7.78M/s 2MiB 7.76M/s 1MiB 7.7M/s 512KiB 7.64M/s 256KiB 7.51M/s 128KiB 7.22M/s

12 years, 4 months

Advertising on your site

by Alan Briggs

Good Afternoon, My name is Alan Briggs, I am responsible for all English speaking markets at teliad, an international service provider in the field of Search Engine Optimization (SEO). I was just doing some research online for a current project I'm working on and found your site lists.linaro.org. This seems like a good fit, as it shows some great SEO factors. I figured I'd go ahead and use the contact details provided on the webpage and drop you a quick line. At this point, we'd be very interested in exploring the marketing possibilities of your site - especially when it comes to integrating text links (pure html backlinks). Should this be of interest, I would certainly be happy to explain further. Don't hesitate to give me a call or shoot me an email anytime! Thanks & have a great day! Best regards, Alan Briggs ------------------------------------------------------------------------ teliad Internetmarketing GmbH | Kreuznacher Str. 62 | 70372 Stuttgart | Tel. +49 (0)711 231 971 26 Germany | http://www.teliad.com HRB 720138 Stuttgart Court of First Instance CEO: Andreas Armbruster ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DISCLAIMER: The information contained in this e-mail may be confidential and/or protected by law. If you are not the intended addressee(s) or have received this message in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your system. Any unauthorized use, distribution, copying or modification of this message and its attachments is strictly prohibited.

12 years, 5 months

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